Wofufuza za ASL
Chilankhulo cha Mankhwala cha ku America (ASL) sichingalemekezedwe lero, ngati si ntchito ya William C. Stokoe, Jr. (1919-2000).
Chilankhulo Chamanja Pambuyo pa Stokoe
Stokoe asanayambe ntchito yake, chinenero cha manja sichinaoneke ngati chinenero chenicheni. M'malo mwake, adawoneka ngati kusonkhana kwa manja kopanda pake kapena kupuma. Maganizo amenewa anali kuletsa kuti chinenero cha manja chisamve ulemu komanso kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pophunzitsa ana osamva.
(Chodabwitsa, buku la Deaf Heritage limasonyeza kuti Stokoe mwiniyo sanadziwe bwino panthawiyo). Kulephera kulemekeza chinenero chamanja kunali kulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito panthawiyo. Stokoe mwiniwakeyo anayerekezera kuti chiwerengero cha anthu a ku America ndi a ASL omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ASL anali anthu 200,000 mpaka 400,000 okha.
Stokoe Afika ku Gallaudet College
Mu 1955, Stokoe, yemwe anali ndi bachelor's ndi Ph.D. chiwerengero cha Chingerezi, anafika ku Gallaudet College (tsopano Yunivesite) kudzatsogolera dipatimenti ya Chingerezi. Anayamba kukhala ndi chidwi ndi ASL ndipo adatsimikiziridwa kuti anali chinenero chenicheni. Mu 1957, Stokoe ndi othandizira awiri (Carl Croneberg ndi Dorothy Casterline) anayamba kujambula anthu akugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chamanja. Ataphunzira chinenero chamanja chojambula, Stokoe ndi gulu lake adadziŵa zida za chinenero chenicheni chikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo zinafalitsidwa mu 1960 mu kafukufuku wofufuza, "Chilankhulo cha Zinenero Zamanja."
Stokoe Akupitiriza Kufufuza
Kafukufuku wa chinenero chamanja anapitirizabe, ndipo mu 1965, gulu lake linasindikiza buku lakuti A Dictionary of Language American Sign Language .
Ngakhale Chilankhulo cha Chinenero Chamanja chinatuluka choyamba, dikishonaleyo inali buku limene linagwira chidwi ndi anthu ndipo linayambitsa chidwi cha zinenero za ASL.
Mfundo ya Stokoe
Maganizo a Stokoe anali ophweka. Anati ASL ndi mbadwa komanso chilankhulo chachibadwidwe. Wachibadwidwe amatanthauza kuti ndilo chinenero choyamba chomwe anaphunzira (kwa ana obadwa m'mapangidwe othandiza chinenero cha manja).
Chilengedwe chimatanthauza kuti ndi chinenero chogwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Ntchito ya Stokoe inasonyeza kuti chinenero cha manja ndi chinenero, ndipo lero ASL imadziwika ngati chinenero. Izi zachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yake.
Ntchito ya Research and Publishing ya Stokoe
Mu 1971, Stokoe anakhazikitsa Linguistic Research Laboratory ku Gallaudet. Mu 1972, adayambitsa buku la chinenero chamanja la Sign Language Studies, lomwe lafalitsidwa ndi Gallaudet University Press. Analinso ndi Linstok Press, yomwe inafalitsa mabuku pa chinenero chamanja.
Kulemekeza Stokoe
Mu 1980, National Association of Ogontha (NAD) inafalitsa Sign Language ndi Deaf Community: Zolemba mu Ulemu wa William C. Stokoe . NAD inakhazikitsanso ndalama za William C. Stokoe Scholarship Fund pofuna kulimbikitsa kufufuza chinenero chamanja. Stokoe analankhula ndi Stokoe ndi Chilankhulo cha Zizindikiro 1.4, Chilimwe cha 2001, Stokoe akubwezeretsanso nkhani zisanu ndi zolemba ndi Stokoe, kuphatikizapo: "Phunziro ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chinenero Chamanja," ndi "Chinenero Chamanja Pogwiritsa Ntchito Chinenero Cholankhulidwa." Stokoe anali Pulofesa Emeritus ku yunivesite ya Gallaudet. Ndipo mu 1988, adalandira doctorate yaulemu kuchokera ku Gallaudet.
Mabuku ndi By About Stokoe
Buku lotsiriza Stokoe anagwiritsira ntchito linali Chilankhulo Chakumanja: Chifukwa Chake Chizindikiro Chinayambira Pambuyo Lipankhulo chinatulutsidwa pambuyo pake ndi Gallaudet University Press.
M'buku lino, Stokoe amasonyeza kuti kulankhula sikofunika kwa chinenero. Buku lina la Gallaudet University Press, Seeing Language in Sign: Ntchito ya William C. Stokoe ndi biography yomwe imanena momveka bwino za ubale wake wovuta ndi olamulira ku Gallaudet.
Zotsatira:
> Gannon, Jack R. >, Ovutika > Heritage, National Association of Ogontha, 1981. pp. 365-367.
> William C. Stokoe, > tsamba > pa tsamba la Gallaudet University.