Nkhani Zimasonyezera Kusintha Maganizo Pa Osowa
Mchitidwe wokhudzana ndi wogontha pa mibadwo yambiri wakhala ukuwonetsedwa ndi mabuku a nthawiyo. M'mabuku ambiri achikulire, anthu ogontha nthawi zambiri ankawonetsedwa molakwika ndi olemba omwe amawawona ngati dimwitted, kuwonongeka, kapena achinyengo.
Ngakhale kuti olemba amakono akhala akuchita zojambula posonyeza kugontha mosamalitsa, pamakhalabe nthano ndi ziphunzitso zolakwika zomwe zimawononga ngakhale mabuku abwino koposa.
Mabuku a M'zaka za m'ma 1900
Nkhani zambiri zoyamba za ogontha zinalembedwa ndi olemba omvetsera. Mmodzi mwa oyambirira anali Daniel Defoe, wolemba mbiri wotchuka amene analemba kulemba Robinson Crusoe .
Buku la The Life and Adventures la Duncan Campbell linali buku lapadera pa nthawi yake. Linalembedwa mu 1729, linalongosola mwana wamkazi wa munthu wotchedwa Loggin monga "chozizwitsa cha nzeru ndi chilengedwe" amene anali ndi malingaliro okulitsa kwambiri ndipo ankatha kulankhula ndi kuŵerenga mowirikiza mosavuta.
Defoe adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito ya apongozi ake, omwe anali mphunzitsi wa ogontha ku England.
Zojambula za Defoe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi lamulo limene anthu ambiri osamva ankawonekera ngati zolakwika kapena chida chachinyengo. Zitsanzo mwa izi:
- Cadwallader Crabtree mu Peregrine Yopangidwa ndi Tobias Smollett (1751), yemwe sanali wogontha koma ankadziyerekezera kuti anali kufalitsa miseche
- Quasimodo mu The Hunchback ya Notre Dame ndi Victor Hugo (1831), munthu wosamva wogontha, wosasunthika yemwe akukumana ndi mapeto ake atakondana ndi gypsy yokongola
- Sir Kenneth wa Scotland ku The Talisman a Sir Walter Scott (1851), amene akudziyesa kukhala kapolo wamagulu wa ku Nubian kuti akazonde ena mu asilikali a Mfumu
- Mfumu ndi Duche mu Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), mmodzi mwa iwo amadziyesa kukhala wogontha pamene winayo amagwiritsa ntchito chinenero chamanja choyipa kuti adziwe ena
Zaka za zana la makumi awiri
Ngakhale kuti wogontha anali kuwonetsedwa mu kuwala kochepa pang'ono ndi olemba a m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, zozizwitsa zambiri zofanana zomwezo zinapitiliza. Izi sizinali zenizeni kwa anthu osamva okha koma omwe ali ndi ubongo uliwonse wa Tom Robinson mu Kupha Mockingbird ndi Lenny mwa Amuna ndi Amuna ku Laura mu The Glass Menagerie . Zonsezi ndizo zowonongeka zomwe zidasokonezeka.
Panthawiyi, kugontha kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fanizo la chikhalidwe chodzipatula m'zilembo zambiri za m'zaka za m'ma 2000 ndi nkhani. Izi zikuphatikizapo anthu monga:
- James Knapp mu machenjezo a Eugene O'Neill (1913), woyendetsa opanda waya amene amamva ndipo kenako amadzipha atatha kuwonongeka kwa SS Empress
- Mwamuna Wakale ku Ernest Hemingway ndi "Malo Oyera Oyera" (1933), wodzimva, wodzimva wogontha yemwe samangofuna kudzipatula kudziko lapansi
- Holden Caulfield mu JD Salinger's The Catcher mu Rye (1951), amene akulota kukhala wogontha ndi kukhala m'dziko losakhala chete
- Misses Tutti ndi Frutti ku Harper Lee kuti aphe A Mockingbird (1960), alongo awiri ogontha omwe anali okonzeka kuwatonza ndi kuwazunza ana a tawuni
Mwamwayi, sizinthu zonse zogontha m'mabuku zomwe zinkapangidwanso kuzunzidwa komweko. Olemba ambiri amasiku ano adayesetsa kupita kudutsa pa clichés ndikuwonetsa ogontha kukhala anthu olemera komanso okhala ndi moyo wamkati. Zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri ndizo:
- John Singer mu Carson McCuller's Heart ndi Wosungulumwa Wosungulumwa (1940), munthu wogontha yemwe amatha kuyambitsa ubale wolimba ndi anthu mu tawuni yake ya Georgia
- Linda Snopes Kohl mu William Faulkner's The Mansion (1959), mkazi wogontha, wokhumba kwambiri amene amachititsa chisokonezo mumzinda wake wa Mississippi pamene akuganiza kuphunzitsa ana akuda
Alice Guthries ku Sarah Flanigan's Alice (1988), mtsikana wogontha, wodwala khunyu yemwe, atasiya bambo ake, amatha kudziphunzitsa yekha ndi kuthetsa nkhanza za unyamata wake