Kwa anthu ambiri, zomvetsa chisoni, nkhani ya autism imayamba ndi Andrew Wakefield.
Anthu ambiri amamvetsetsa kuti malingaliro ake onyenga komanso kufufuza kosavomerezeka kwawopseza anthu kuti adziwe katemera wawo, koma zikuwonekeranso kuti anthu amakhulupirira mliri wa autism womangidwa ndi katemera.
Anthu ena amapita kukafunsa kumene akuluakulu onse a autistic ali ngati palibe mliri watsopano wa autism umene unayambitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya katemera.
Mbiri ya Autism
Ngati mutenga kanthawi kochepa kuti mumvetse mbiri ya autism, n'zosavuta kuona kuti pali odwala ambiri ozungulira autism ndipo autism wakhala nthawi yaitali.
Nkhani yeniyeni ya autism imabwerera kumbuyo zaka makumi angapo, osati zaka mazana ambiri. Ndipotu, Steve Silberman, m'buku lake lakuti NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism ndi Future of Neurodiversity , akufika poti "anthu autistic akhala mbali ya anthu."
Mbiri yatsopano ya autism (zabwino ndi zoipa ) ikuphatikizapo:
- Oliver Sacks analemba kuti Henry Cavendish, wasayansi amene anabadwa mu 1731, anali ndi makhalidwe ambiri "omwe amavutika kwambiri ndi matenda a Asperger's." (1731/2001)
- Graham Farmelo, m'buku lake lakuti "The Strangest Man," analemba kuti Paul Dirac, wasayansi wobadwa mu 1902, ayenera kuti analibe autism. (1902/2011)
- Grunia Sukhareva, katswiri wa zamaganizo a ana ku Kiev, Russia, akulemba za ana omwe ali ndi makhalidwe autistic m'magazini ya sayansi ya zamaganizo a ku Germany ndi magazini ya neurology. (1926)
- Louise Despert, katswiri wa zamaganizo ku New York, analemba za matenda 23 a ubongo wa ana, ena mwa iwo anali ndi zizindikiro zomwe zikufanana ndi magulu a masiku ano a autism. (1938)
- Hans Asperger akufalitsa kafukufuku woyamba wa sayansi wa ana omwe ali ndi autism kapena Autismus, kafukufuku wamilandu akufotokoza ana anayi okha, ngakhale zikuwonekeratu kuti akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi ana 100 ali ndi autism ndi Aspergers matenda kuchipatala chake ku Vienna. (1943)
- Leo Kanner akufalitsa "Kusokonezeka Kwasokonekera kwa Kukhudza Kwambiri," akufotokoza odwala 11 omwe ali ndi infant infantile autism (dzina limene analemba mu 1944) m'nyuzipepala yakuti "The Nervous Child." (1943)
- Kanner amalengeza chiphunzitso chake kuti autism imayambitsidwa ndi amayi a firiji (1949)
- Lauretta Bender amagwira ntchito ndi ana autistic m'ma 1950s ndi m'ma 1960
- Bruno Bettelheim akulemba buku lake "Empty Fortress," lomwe limalimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha amayi a firiji monga chifukwa cha autism. (1967)
- Mu DSM-I, ana omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za autism amalembedwa kuti ali ndi ubwana wachinyamata. (1952)
- Leon Eisenberg akusindikiza pepala lake "The Autistic Child mu Achinyamata," akutsatira ana 63 autistic. (1956)
- Bungwe la Autistic Children's Aid Society la kumpoto kwa London limapangidwa (kenako limakhala National Autistic Society). (1962)
- Bernard Rimland amasindikiza bukhu lake "Infantile Autism: The Syndrome ndi Zomwe Zimakhudza Neural Lingaliro la Khalidwe." (1964)
- Ole Ivar Lovaas akuyamba kugwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso chake cha ABA mankhwala kwa ana autistic. (1964)
- Sukulu ya Sybil Elgar imayamba "kuphunzitsa ndi kusamalira ana ndi autism." (1965)
- Gulu la makolo la ana autistic anali ndi msonkhano woyamba wa National Society of Autistic Children (tsopano wotchedwa Autism Society of America). (1965)
- M'masinthidwe a DSM-II, palibe gulu losiyana la autism. (1968)
- Bungwe la National Society of Autistic Children First Year Congress linachitikira ku Washington. (1969).
- Khoti la Somerset likukhala "malo oyamba a akatswiri a autism ku UK." (1972)
- Lee Felsenstein, yemwe kenaka anapeza kuti ali ndi matenda a Asperger, amapanga kabuku yoyamba pamagetsi - Community Memory. (1973)
- Maphunziro a Onse Odwala Matenda a Ana Olemala akukhazikitsidwa "kuthandizira mayiko ndi madera kuti ateteze ufulu, kukwaniritsa zosowa za munthu aliyense, ndi kuwongolera zotsatira za" ana olumala, omwe ambiri mwa iwo anali atasiya kusukulu. (1975)
- Lorna Wing imathandiza kukhazikitsa 'zilembo zitatu zofooketsa' ziphunzitso za autism spectrum matenda (1970s)
- DSM-III potsiriza ikuphatikizapo njira zoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito matenda a infantile autism ndi zinthu zitatu zofunika. (1980)
- Susan Moreno amalenga makalata ndi zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi autism "Residual Autism Newsletter" (pambuyo pake adatchedwanso kuti 'anthu odziwika bwino' kapena MAPP) (1984)
- Grandin Wamkulu wa kachisi akulemba 'Emergence.' (1986)
- Vidiyo ya wamkulu wazaka 24 wa autistic amamasulidwa - 'Chithunzi cha mnyamata wa autistic.' (1986)
- DSM-III-R imaphatikiza PDD-NOS ndipo imawonjezera kusintha kochepa kuti apeze ana a autistic. (1987)
- Autism ikuphatikizidwa ngati gulu lolemala losiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi Disability Education Act (IDEA), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zophweka kupeza ntchito. (1990)
- Donna Williams, wamkulu wamkulu, analemba buku loyamba la mabuku anayi - "Palibe Wopezekapo." (1991)
- "20/20" ndi mawonetsero ena omwe akuyesera kulumikizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi autism m'tawuni ya Leominster, Massachusetts, omwe amaganiza kuti ndi autism cluster yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuchotsedwa, kuphatikizapo theka la ana analibe autism ndi ena Ndimakhala mmudzimo. (1992)
- Bungwe la Autism Network International limapangidwa ndi gulu la anthu autistic. (1992)
- Zowonjezera zambiri ndi zizindikiro zambiri zimaphatikizidwira m'gulu la matenda a autism mu DSM-IV. (1994)
- Catherine Maurice akulemba buku lakuti 'Ndiloleni Ndimve Mawu Anu: Kupambana kwa Banja pa Autism' (1994)
- Michael ndi munthu wotchuka mu buku lakuti 'Microserfs' (1995) ndi Douglas Copeland
- Oliver Sacks, MD akulemba 'Wolemba za Chilengedwe pa Mars,' zomwe zikuphatikizapo nkhani zambiri za anthu akuluakulu, monga Temple Grandin ndi Stephen Wiltshire. (1995)
- Msonkhano Woyamba wa Autism Network International wogulitsa zinthu ukuchitika. (1996)
- Kuchiza Autism Tsopano ili kupangidwa ndipo potsiriza imagwirizana ndi Autism Imayankhula. (1995/2007)
- Andrew Wakefield anasindikiza pepala lake ku Lancet ndipo akunena kuti sangagwiritse ntchito katemera wothandizira wa MMR chifukwa cha ngozi za autism. (1998)
- Judy Singer akulemba za ubongo. (1999)
- Autism Society imatenga zida za Autism Awareness Puzzle Ribbon monga "chizindikiro chonse cha kuzindikira kwa autism." (1999)
- Komiti ya Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC) imakhazikitsidwa ndi Children's Health Act ya 2000.
- Karyn Seroussi akulemba buku lakuti 'Kutsegula Chinsinsi cha Autism ndi Matenda Okula Kwambiri Padziko Lonse: Nkhani Yomwe Amayi Akufufuza ndi Kubwezeretsa' (2000)
- Nkhani Yokhudza Kuchiritsa Autism (2000)
- Steve Silberman akulemba 'The Geek Syndrome' mu magazini ya Wired (2001)
- DSM-IV TR (2002)
- Ma bungwe a Global and Regional Asperger Syndrome Partnership (GRASP), bungwe loyendetsedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi Asperger's and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (2003)
- Bernard Rimland, wa Autism Research Institute ndi Defeat Autism Tsopano! ndondomeko, amalemba buku lakuti "Recovering Autistic Children." Mwana wake wa autistic anabadwa mu 1956. (2003)
- Planet yolakwika, webusaiti yothandizira, imayambika. (2004)
- Susan Senator akulemba kuti 'Kupanga Mtendere ndi Autism' (2005)
- Ari Ne'eman amayamba Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN). (2006)
- Dora Raymaker ndi Christina Nicolaidis amayamba maphunziro a Academic Autistic Spectrum Partnership Mu Research ndi Education (AASPIRE). (2006)
- Kulimbana ndi Autism Act (2006/2011)
- Amelia Baggs akulemba 'Video Yanga' mu YouTube (2007)
- Lipoti la CDC / ADDM likuti kuwonjezereka kwa autism kuli mwana mmodzi mwa 150 (ana obadwa mu 1994). (2007)
- Jenny McCarthy akuyamba kugwira ntchito ndi Generation Rescue, bungwe lina lomwe limaganiza kuti katemera ndi zina zachilengedwe zimayambitsa autism. (2008)
- Alison Singer amasiya kuchoka ku Autism Speaks ndikuyamba Autism Science Foundation. (2009)
- Lipoti la CDC / ADDM likuti kuwonjezereka kwa autism kwawonjezeka kufika pa 1 mu 110 (ana obadwa mu 1998). (2009)
- Corina Becker akulemba zolemba zomwe zikuyamba tsiku loyamba la Autistics Speaking Day. (2010)
- Andrew Wakefield ataya chilolezo chake cha zamankhwala ndipo analetsedwa kuchita mankhwala, pambuyo pochotsa pepala lake la autism. (2010/2004)
- Julia Bascom akuyamba Project Loud Hands. (2011)
- Otsogolera Anthu Otsogolera ku Autism ayambitsidwa. (2011)
- Paula Durbin Westby akupanga Mwezi woyamba wa Autism Acceptance, umene ukuchitika nthawi iliyonse mwezi wa April. (2011)
- Lipoti la CDC / ADDM likuti kuwonjezeka kwa autism kwawonjezeka kufika pa 1 pa 88 (ana obadwa mu 2000). (2012)
- DSM-5 imagwirizanitsa autism, Asperger's, matenda osokoneza ana, ndi PDD NOS ku autism spectrum matenda. (2013)
- Lipoti la CDC / ADDM likuti kuwonjezeka kwa autism kwawonjezeka kufika pa 1 pa 68 (ana obadwa mu 2002). (2014)
- Autism CARES Act ya 2014
- Steve Silberman akulemba NeuroTribes (2015)
- Lipoti lachidule la CDC / ADDM likuti kuwonjezereka kwa autism kumakhalabe pa 1 pa 68 (ana obadwa mu 2004). (2016)
Chotsatira ndi chiyani?
Zotsatira
Manouilenko Ine, Sukhareva - Asanafike Asperger ndi Kanner. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug; 69 (6): 479-82
Baker, Jeffrey, P. Autism pa 70 - Kukhazikitsa malire. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1089-1091
Anzanga, Sam. Kodi Kanner Akulongosola Chowonadi Choyamba cha Autism? Chinsinsi cha 1938. Journal of Autism ndi Developmental Disorders. July 2015, Voliyumu 45, Issue 7, tsamba 2274-2276
Feinstein, Adams. Mbiri ya Autism: Kukambirana ndi Apainiya.
Silberman, Steve. NeuroTribes. 2015.