Kodi mumadziwa kuti Earl Bakken amachokera pacemaker pa nyimbo? Ndipo kuti mfundo za Japanese origami zinalimbikitsa mtundu wa stent wamtundu umene ungagwirizane kuti ugwirizane ndi catheter? Sayansi ndi luso mwachibadwa zimalumikizana. Ndipotu, kusokoneza zinthu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira pazinthu zonse ziwiri; kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala nthawi zambiri kumapindula kudzera muzojambula ndi zojambula.
Kuchokera STEM kupita ku STEAM
Mavuto azachuma mu sayansi ndi zamakono akuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse kuposa kale lonse. Choncho, malonda mu masitolo a STEM (sayansi, teknoloji, engineering ndi masamu) akhala akuthandizidwa kwambiri. Komabe, ena amalimbikitsa zojambula amakhulupirira kuti maluso a STEM okha sali okwanira kuti apititse patsogolo ndi kupindula komwe dziko likuyang'ana pankhani yatsopano. Kuti makanema a zaumoyo apamwamba azichitika, kulenga ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Chilengedwe chimayambitsa mbali yeniyeni ya ubongo wathu, kotero imatha kuyanjana ndi mbali ya kumanzere ndi kumapereka ntchito yolingalira bwino. Choncho, ena asonyeza kuti ntchito zomwe zikuphatikizapo zaluso ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa m'maphunziro athu a sukulu-kuti STEM iyenera kuphatikizapo luso ndi kusinthidwa kukhala STEAM.
Zojambula sizongoganizira zokhazokha kwa aptitude ya maphunziro. Kudziwa m'deralo kungakhale ndi chinsinsi cha chidziwitso chakuya cha sayansi ndi kusintha kwa thanzi, mankhwala ndi zina zofunika kwambiri za sayansi.
Pulofesa Robert Root-Bernstein ndi anzake ochokera ku Michigan State University anawona zolemba za akatswiri a Nobel a sayansi. Iwo adawona kuti pafupifupi anthu onsewa adalimbikitsidwa kuchita zojambula zina. Komanso, ambiri a iwo adagwirizanitsa kupambana kwawo mu sayansi ndi zojambulajambula ndi zojambulajambula zimalimbikitsa.
Kufufuza kwa Root-Bernstein kunasonyeza kuti opambana a Nobel Mphoto anali oposa kasanu ndi kawiri kuti akhale akatswiri ojambula, poyerekeza ndi asayansi ambiri, ndi nthawi zambiri kuti alembe ndakatulo ndi zolemba. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wake, Root-Bernstein akuti mwa kulimbikitsanso kulenga, mumalimbikitsa zatsopano ndipo mwinamwake mungapite mopitirira malire.
Chithunzi Ndi Chofunika Kwambiri Zikwi
M'mbuyomu, mafanizo azachipatala anali mbali yofunikira pa kafukufuku wamankhwala. Art idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kufalitsa chidziwitso komanso ngati chithandizo pa maphunziro. Art imakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mankhwala masiku ano, ndi mafanizo ogwirizanitsa ndi nthawi zamagetsi ndikugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono pofuna kuthandiza.
Zithunzi za mabuku azachipatala, makanema, komanso m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ntchito zamakono ndi mawebusaiti, zimafuna mtundu wapadera wa luso. Sukulu ya Yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins Yophunzitsa Amayi amapereka ndondomeko ya maphunziro pamalangizo a zachipatala ndi zamoyo zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira. Pulogalamuyi imayendetsedwa ndi Dipatimenti Yachikhalidwe monga Momwe Akugwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala. Posachedwapa, mafanizo a Pulofesa Wothandizira Dipatimenti Jennifer Fairman anatsagolera nkhani m'magazini ya Hopkins Medicine yotchedwa Cooking Bone Bone Replacement.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka ntchito ya Pulofesa Wothandizira Dr. Warren Grayson ndi gulu lake, omwe akhala akugwira ntchito popanga mafupa m'malo mwa mutu ndi nkhope. Mndandandawo umatsatira momwe zimakhalira chakudya, ndipo imalongosola kusindikiza kwa 3-D ndikupanga zinthu 3-D kuchokera pa fayilo ya digito pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. Zojambula za Fairman zimasonyeza zofunikira zonse (pulverized natural bone, polycaprolactone, fibrinogen, thrombin, msuzi wachilengedwe ndi beta-glycerophosphate), ndi njira zapadera zowonjezera.
Pulofesa Richard Sawdon Smith, amagwiritsa ntchito mafanizo azachipatala kuchokera kumbali ya wodwala: kufunafuna kumvetsa za matenda ndi kuvomereza matenda.
Sawdon Smith anasintha chidwi chake ndi chikhalidwe chake muzojambula. Amathera nthawi yochulukirapo kuchipatala atatha kupatsirana kachilombo ka HIV, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zojambulajambula, kujambula nkhope ndi kujambula zithunzi zachipatala. Pakati pazinthu zina, wapanga mndandanda wolemba ndondomeko yake yoyezetsa magazi, yomwe amachitcha kuti Observe . Anagwiritsanso ntchito kujambula chithunzi chamankhwala pa khungu lake ndipo adakhala chinthu chamankhwala.
Art ndi Sayansi ya Prosthetics
Kupanga chipangizo chowoneka bwino komanso chokongola cha prostate ndi luso lomwe limafuna luso lambiri komanso maphunziro. Katswiri wam'mbuyoyu amatchedwa aplastologist yachipatala. Mu ntchito yawo, aplastologists akukonzekera kupereka wodwalayo ndi machitidwe opangidwa ndi mwambo omwe ali abwino kwa munthu aliyense. Ntchito yojambula ndi kupanga mapeto a thupi gawo-mwachitsanzo, khutu, mphuno kapena diso - ili ndi masitepe ambiri. Ngati atapangidwa ndi katswiri waluso, ma prosthesis amafanana ndi thupi lonse lopanda ubongo ndipo limapangitsa kuti wodwalayo akhale ndi moyo wabwino.
Kachilonda ka Johns Hopkins Prosthetics imatsogoleredwa ndi aplastologist yemwe ali ndi luso kwambiri, Bambo Juan Garcia, amene amapanga ma prostheses osowa kwambiri omwe sangathe kuwongolera kupyolera mu opaleshoni. Iye ali wokwanira kwambiri pofananitsa mtundu wa gawo latsopano la thupi ndi tanthauzo la khungu la munthuyo. Gawo ili likufuna luso lapadera. Garcia amagwira ntchito ndi odwala omwe anali ndi vuto, opaleshoni, matenda kapena anabadwa ndi malformation. Garcia amajambula ma prostheses ndi dzanja. Komabe, iye ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi njira zonse zamakono zamakono ndi zasayansi ndipo akupitiriza kuyang'ana njira zatsopano zophatikizapo ku ntchito yake. Iye amakondwera kwambiri ndi ma biomaterial ndi kulima ziwalo zamoyo zomwe zingathandize njira yatsopano yolenga ziwalo zowoneka bwino za thupi.
Kujambula zithunzi za D-3 kumakhalanso kovomerezeka kwambiri m'dera lachipatala. Machitidwe osiyanasiyana akukambidwa kwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi, monga torso, m'mawere ndi mutu / nkhope, kuthandiza ndi kukonza mankhwala ndi kuyesa. Ku Northern Ireland, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust yakhala ikugwira ntchito yopanga zithunzi za m'mawere-3-D, polojekiti yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi Dipatimenti Yachizindikiro Chachipatala. Mapulogalamu apadera omwe amathandiza njirayi amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira malangizo apadera omwe amaphatikizapo malangizo othandiza kuunikira, malo a wodwala, maziko ndi malingaliro. Ntchitoyi ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri tsopano kuti amayi ambiri amatha kubwezeretsa mimba posachedwa. Ndi mafano a 3-D, kuyerekezera kungayesedwe ndipo dokotalayo angathe kusankha mwamsanga ngati opaleshoni yolinganiza iyenera kulimbikitsidwa.
Kuwerenga Kuwerenga kwa Thandizo Labwino
Mbali ina yofunikira ya luso ndi kuthekera kwake kupanga njira zatsopano zoyankhulana. Ogwira ntchito zachipatala nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi odwala omwe angathe kulankhulana mauthenga akhoza kulepheretsedwa ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zachipatala komanso zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, zilankhulo zachilankhulo ndi ziphunzitso zingakhale zovuta. Pa zochitika ngati izi, zingakhale zothandiza kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kujambula chithunzi chosavuta kwa wodwalayo. François Luks wochokera ku Dipatimenti Yopaleshoni ya Ana pa University of Brown akufotokoza kuti zojambula zachipatala zingathandizenso kupanga ndondomeko ndikufotokozera maubwenzi a anatomiki. Njirayi imathandizanso kufotokoza bwino vuto, kwa wodwala ndi dokotala.
Kuwunika ndi luso lofunika kwambiri lomwe akatswiri onse azaumoyo ayenera kukhazikitsa kuti apereke chisamaliro chabwino. Mwachitsanzo, luso lodziwunika lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kuti munthu apeze matenda omwe akudwala komanso akufotokoza zotsatira za mankhwala. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti zojambulajambula, makamaka zojambula ndi filimu, zingathandize ophunzira azachipatala kukhala bwino poyang'ana.
Pulofesa Katrina Bramstedt, wolemba mbiri wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse wochokera ku Bond University, ku Australia, ananena kuti kuyerekezera kwachipatala sikungowona chabe. Amakamba za kuwerenga, kuwerenga, zomwe zimafuna kusamala mosamala kuti zikhale ndi tanthauzo. Kuwerenga kuwerenga kumathandizira madokotala kuti adziwe zambiri zachipatala kwa odwala omwe sangathe kufotokozera mwachindunji. Bramstedt amalimbikitsa kugwirizanitsa zosowa zaumunthu zamankhwala ndi zasayansi. Mwachitsanzo, akulingalira zojambulajambula zachipatala pophunzitsa njira yopangidwa ndi anatomy. Kafukufuku wake anapeza kuti ophunzira a zachipatala amathandiza kuti pakhale maphunziro a zojambulajambula m'sukulu za zamankhwala.
Komabe, amadziwanso kuti pali ena amene angazindikire ngati kusokoneza kosafunikira ku maphunziro awo a sayansi. Komabe, akuyembekeza kuti madokotala amtsogolo adzapindula ndi maphunziro oyenerera kwambiri podziwa zochitika zaumunthu ndi zasayansi.
> Zotsatira:
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> Bramstedt K. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zojambula Zojambula ngati Zowonjezereka Kuzindikira Matenda Achipatala. AMA Journal of Ethics , 2016; 18 (8): 843-854.
> Liou K, George P, Baruch J, Luks F. Zojambulajambula: Kuphunzitsa fanizo lachipatala kwa ophunzira a zachipatala. Med Educ . 2014; 48 (5): 525.
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