Kugonana Komwe Kumapangitsa Munthu Kupeŵa Kapena Choopsa Chosafunikira
Kuchita chiopsezo cha kugonana ndi lingaliro lomwe anthu amavutika kuti amvetsetse, makamaka omwe amawoneka kuti ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga HIV. Malinga ndi maganizo a anthu, kumakhalabe koletsedwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zina zogonana zimene ena angaziganizire kuti ndizo "zachiwerewere" kapena "chizoloŵezi" (monga kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana pagulu, kugonana ndi kugonana), komanso kunyalanyaza komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito izi kumangoyambitsa zokambiranazo mowonjezera pansi.
Chimene tikudziwa ndi chakuti anthu omwe amachita chiwerewere samangochita izi mwadzidzidzi kapena osadziwa (ngakhale kuti izi zingawathandize kukhala ndi makhalidwe amenewa). Kaŵirikaŵiri, amatsogoleredwa ndi ziwalo zamaganizo ndi zamakhalidwe zomwe zimadziwitsa kugonana kwawo. Izi zingaphatikizepo zinthu monga chiwerewere chosokoneza chiopsezo ndi chiwopsezo cha kugonana .
Kumvetsetsa Kugonana Kwachiwerewere
Kugonana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere (kapena, chokha, kugonana kosagonana) kumatanthawuza kuwonongeka kwa chilakolako cha kugonana monga chikhalidwe chosagwirizana ndi anthu kapena chosayenera, kuwonetsera ndi kukhudzidwa, kufunafuna maganizo ndi kuyesedwa koopsa.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri mawuwa amaperekedwa ku makhalidwe omwe amachititsa matenda a maganizo kapena kuvutika maganizo, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ku khalidwe lililonse la kugonana lomwe limapangitsa munthu kukhala wotetezeka kapena wosafunikira - kaya ndi kuvulaza thupi kapena kukhumudwa; kuvulaza ena; kuwonongeka kwa ubale waumwini kapena wapamwamba; chachinyengo kapena chigamulo; kapena za matenda opatsirana pogonana.
Ngakhale kugonana kwachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, chilakolako chogonana nthawi zambiri kapena zikhumbo) zingakhale zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, sizingakhale zofanana ndizo. Ngakhalenso sizimagwirizanitsa ndi khalidwe laukali, loipa kapena lachikhalidwe cha anthu (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwazochitika zachipatala zosokoneza khalidwe).
Zifukwa zowononga kugonana zimachokera ku matenda akuluakulu a matenda ndi matenda omwe amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana kapena okhudza khalidwe lawo, kuphatikizapo:
- Mowa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
- Malingaliro olakwika pa zaumunthu wa munthu
- Kusokoneza malingaliro auzinthu za anthu
- Kusokonezeka maganizo
- Zoopsa zapabanja zogonana, (kuphatikizapo kupsinjika kwa ana)
- Zochita za anzanu kapena azimayi (kuphatikizapo sukulu, chikhalidwe kapena kugonana)
Mawuwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pa mauthenga a pa Intaneti ndi mauthenga, momwe munthu amachitira zinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana pamene atumizirana mameseji, kutumizirana mameseji, kapena kutumiza pa intaneti -momwe amachitira zinthu mosiyana pa Intaneti monga momwe angathere.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kachilombo ka HIV , kusokoneza kugonana kungakhale mwachindunji kumverera kwa mantha, kupsa mtima, kupsinjika maganizo kapena nkhawa-osati anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Anthu omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV kawirikawiri amatha kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso opanda chiyembekezo ("Ndikufuna kutero") kapena kutopa kondomu (kupewa kutopa) mwa kusiya makhalidwe omwe angawateteze.
Ngakhale omwe ali ndi chidziwitso champhamvu cha kachilombo ka HIV ndi kapewedwe ka HIV nthawi zina angakhudzidwe ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimasintha khalidwe la kugonana.
Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wambiri wanena kuti akugwiritsira ntchito makondomu akugwiritsira ntchito kondomu potsatira kuyambitsidwa kwa kachilombo ka HIV. Mwachidule, anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ngati amakhulupirira-kapena akufuna kukhulupirira-kuti zotsatira zake kapena chiopsezo cha HIV ndizochepa.
Kumvetsetsa Malipiro a Mchitidwe Wogonana
Kulipira kwa ngozi, mosiyana, kumatanthauza kuti anthu adzasintha makhalidwe awo malinga ndi momwe amaonera chiopsezo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti anthu omwe amadzikhulupirira kuti ali pachiopsezo chochepa adzapeza mwayi waukulu ngakhale ngati atayesedwa kapena sakudziwa bwino.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, kubwezeretsa chiopsezo kumayambitsa malingaliro akuti munthu sangawonongeke kachilombo ka HIV kapena kachilomboko kusiyana ndi momwe angakhalire.
Malingaliro amenewa nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi kuyambitsa chida chowongolera zachilengedwe monga HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) , chithandizo cha HIV monga kupewa (TasP) , kapena mdulidwe wodziteteza wamuna (VMMC) .
Mwachitsanzo, pamene VMMC yawonetsa phindu lothandizira kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha kachirombo ka HIV pakati pa anthu omwe sali odziwika bwino, kafufuzidwe kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti amuna odulidwa nthawi zina amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu pozindikira kuti chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka chichepetsedwa. Pochita zimenezi, mwamuna watsopano wodulidwa akhoza kuthetsa phindu la VMMC pakuchita zinthu zomwe zingakhale zoopsa zomwe poyamba adapewa.
Mofananamo, anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti "amatetezedwa" ndi makondomu kapena TasP akhoza kuchepetsa phindu lotetezera ngati akugonana ndi anthu ambiri-makamaka ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu kapena kutsata mankhwala sikugwirizana.
Zotsatira za chiopsezo cha kugonana-Kutenga kachilombo ka HIV
Ngakhale zikuwonekeratu kuti kutenga chiopsezo cha chiwerewere chidzakulitsa mwayi wofalitsa kachilombo ka HIV, pulogalamu ya 2014 idaonetsetsa kuti zotsatira za makhalidwe omwe ali ndi HIV ku Uganda ndi umodzi mwa mayiko ovuta kwambiri. matenda. Kafukufuku wa masamu watsimikizira kuti ngati mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito ma ARV (antiretroviral therapy) aperekedwa pa nthawi ya chiopsezo, kufalikira kwa dziko la HIV kudzachepetsedwa pofika chaka cha 2025 ngati mikhalidwe yoopsa yokhudza kugonana siidzawonjezeka.
Komabe, ngati miyeso iyenera kuwonjezeka, phindu la ART zonse zakuthambo lidzafafanizidwa kwathunthu, kuwonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.
Ponena izi, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti kuyambitsa ART kungagwirizane ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kugonana mwa anthu ena. Kafukufuku wochokera ku Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health adanena kuti anthu omwe amafufuza chithandizo cha HIV ndi chisamaliro ndi omwe amatha kumvetsetsa zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV kotero kuti sangachite nawo chiwerewere choopsa.
Zotsatira zomwezo zimagwirizananso ndi maphunziro omwe angawonetse kusintha kwa ziwalo zogonana kwa anthu osatetezeka omwe anaikidwa pa mankhwala oletsa kachirombo ka HIV, Truvada (omwe amadziwikanso kuti HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, kapena PrEP ). Kuwongolera maulendo asanu ndi awiri, apamwamba kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale mayesero apamwamba adatsimikizire kuti kugwiritsira ntchito PrEP pamalo omwe ali pangozi sangagwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa chiopsezo cha kugonana kapena kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira za matenda opatsirana pogonana.
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