Ziwalo zazikuru monga mtima ndi mabere zimasiyana kwambiri
Kulemera kwa thupi ndi nkhani yovuta. Pali zifukwa zambiri - kuphatikizapo kulemera kwa thupi, kutalika, kulemera kwa thupi ndi mtundu - zomwe zimayambitsa ziwalo zosiyana siyana. Kuti mupeze mayina olondola a zolemera zamagulu, deta zambiri ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa. Komanso, deta iyi iyenera kubwera kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Pakalipano, deta ngatiyi sikusonkhanitsidwa nthawi zonse.
Zolemera za thupi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizidwe ziyenera kuchoka ku autopsies, zomwe kawirikawiri zimachitidwa panthawi ya chikayikiro, mwadzidzidzi, kapena imfa yachisoni pamene ziwalo za munthu wakufa zili ndi thanzi labwino. Ziwalo za matenda zimayang'aniridwa panthawi ya chipatala, komabe siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire zoyenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito chifukwa matendawa angakhudze kwambiri kulemera kwa chiwalo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadzipiritsa maulendo amadzimadzimodzinso ndi kupweteka, kupatsa ochita kafukufuku mwayi wambiri wopeza ndi kuyeza zolemera zagulu.
Ngakhale kuti sitinayamikiridwa ndi kufufuza kwapang'ono, ziwalo ndi kukula kwa ziwalo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo kuti adziwe chifukwa cha imfa ndi matenda komanso kutsogolera mankhwala ena.
Numeri
Mu 2001, kafukufuku wa ku France, Grandmaison ndi olemba mabuku, adafalitsa pepala la Forensic Science International pofufuza zilembo zapakati pa 684 autopsies zomwe zimachita azungu pakati pa 1987 ndi 1991.
Mphamvu ndi phunziroli ndi maphunziro ena a kulemera kwa thupi, komanso kusowa kwa kafukufuku pa nkhaniyi, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino ngati wina aliyense kuwerengera zolemera.
Malingana ndi zotsatira za phunziroli, zotsatirazi ndizolemera zolemera za thupi ndi amuna ndi akazi:
Thupi | Avereji ya Kulemera kwa Amuna (magalamu) | Sungani Amuna (magalamu) | Avereji ya Kulemera kwa Akazi (magalamu) | Chiwerengero cha Akazi (magalamu) |
Mtima | 365 | 90-630 | 312 | 174-590 |
Chiwindi | 1677 | 670-2900 | 1475 | 508-3081 |
Pancreas | 144 | 65-243 | 122 | 60-250 |
Mphuphu yolondola | 663 | 200-1593 | 546 | 173-1700 |
Mapulusa akumanzere | 583 | 206-1718 | 467 | 178-1350 |
Impso zabwino | 162 | 53-320 | 135 | 45-360 |
Impso zamanzere | 160 | 50-410 | 136 | 40-300 |
Malonda | 156 | 30-580 | 140 | 33-481 |
Chithokomiro | 25 | 12-87 | 20 | 5-68 |
Kufikira kwina, mfundo zimenezi sizikhala zowonjezeka ndipo sizikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu onse. Choyamba, ziwalo zomwe zafukufuku mu phunziroli zinachokera kwa azungu okha ndi kufufuza zimasonyeza kuti zolemera zolemera zimasiyana mosiyana. Makamaka, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti akuda amakonda kukhala ndi ziwalo zolemera kwambiri. Chachiwiri, ngakhale kuti anthu amasintha pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi, zotsatira za phunziroli zatha kale.
Kunenepa kwa Thupi la Anatomic: Kodi Mawere Ndi Olemera Motani?
Mwachidziwitso, "boobs" kapena mabere sali chiwalo payekha, koma m'malo mwake amasonkhanitsa mafupa a mammary ndi mafuta a mammary. Komabe, mawere ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi thupi lonse kuti madokotala ambiri opaleshoni omwe amapanga opaleshoni ya m'mawere amalingalira "ziwalo za anatomic."
M'nkhani yodziwika kwambiri yotchedwa "Kupatsana kwa Mababu a Matenda ndi Kulemera kwa Kugawanika kwa Mafuta Akazi," ofufuza amati (malingana ndi momwe amaonera) mawere aakazi amalemera pafupifupi 3.5 peresenti ya kulemera kwake kwa mafuta onse a thupi. Komabe, kukula kwazitsanzo za phunziroli ndi kochepa ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zolembedwa.
Malinga ndi ndondomeko iyi, munthu amene amanyamula mapaundi okwana makilogalamu makumi anayi akhoza kukhala ndi mabere akulemera pafupifupi mapaundi 1.4.
Dr. Bradford Hsu, yemwe ndi dokotala wochita opaleshoni wa m'mawere wogwirizana ndi Sharp Healthcare ku Chula Vista, California.
"Mogwirizana ndi msinkhu ndi chitukuko cha munthu amene akukhudzidwa, mawere onse pamodzi akhoza kulemera pang'ono ngati magalamu zana kapena makilogalamu anayi kapena asanu."
Kuwonjezera apo, kusintha kwake kwa chikhalidwe cha mawere kumatha kukhudza kulemera kwake. Dr. Patricia Allenby, katswiri wa zachipatala ku Ohio State University, anati: "Ngati munthu ali ndi matenda ambirimbiri a fibrocystic ," chifuwa chidzakhala cholemetsa kusiyana ndi cholemera. Zimakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa minofu-ndipo mafuta ndi ochepa kwambiri. "
Komabe, zotsatira za matenda a fibrocystic, adenomatous, kapena tumorigenic pa kulemera kwa m'mawere ndi ofanana.
Hsu anati: "Ngati muli ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga timatenda tating'ono ting'onoting'ono," anatero Hsu, "chotupacho chimatenga kwambiri chifuwa kusiyana ndi chomwe chimakhala ndi munthu amene ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu kwambiri. Mwa munthu mmodzi, chotupacho chikhoza kuimira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mawere ake, ndipo mwa munthu wina, chotupacho chikhoza kuimira zosakwana limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mfupa yake. "
Kuwonjezera pa matenda, chinthu china chofunika chomwe chimakhudza mawere ndi zakudya ndi masewero olimbitsa thupi. Anthu akamakhala olemera thupi, amakonda kuchita mofananamo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mkazi wooneka ngati peyala ayenera kulemera thupi, amatha kusunga peyala yake pang'onopang'ono. Adzakhala ofanana pang'ono. Azimayi samangotaya chiwerengero cholemera kwambiri cha thupi kuchokera ku mbali imodzi ya thupi - monga mabere - atatha kudya ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuwonongeka kwa mafuta ochepa kapena "kuchepetsa kuchepa" sikungatheke.
Mkazi amene amalemerera thupi sangaoneke kuchepa kwa m'mawere. Mawere ake akhoza kukhala oyenerera kulemera kwake kwatsopano komanso molingana ndi thupi lake lonse ... chirichonse chikanakhala chochepa . Pazifukwa zina, monga mabere, anthu amasiya kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa miyeso pamene akudya.
Msinkhu, Kulemera, Misa Yathupi, & BMI
Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anthu omwe aliatali, alemera kwambiri (ali ndi BMI), ndipo amakhala ndi thupi lolemera kwambiri likhoza kukhala ndi ziwalo zolemetsa. Pazifukwazi, kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti kutalika kungagwirizane kwambiri ndi zolemera zambiri za thupi; Anthu akuluakulu ali ndi ziwalo zolemera kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri.
Kulemera kwa mtima kungakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi BMI, ndi anthu ovutika kwambiri omwe ali ndi mitima yolemetsa.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti kutentha kwa chithokomiro cha akazi sikukuphatikizapo kutalika, kulemera, ndi thupi loponda. M'malo mwake, kulemera kwa chithokomiro cha amayi kungayambidwe kwambiri ndi kudya kwa ayodini. Kumadera kumene amayi ambiri amawononga ayodini okwanira pa zakudya zawo, zolemera zowonongeka zimakhala zofanana pakati pa akazi onse.
Zaka ndi kugonana zimakhudzanso kulemera kwa thupi. Kawirikawiri, akazi amakhala ndi ziwalo zowala kuposa amuna. Komanso, monga ndi thupi loonda, ziwalo za thupi zimachepa ndi zaka. Zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zaka zokhudzana ndi chiwalo cha thupi zimakhala zooneka bwino mu ubongo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ubongo wa munthu udzakhala waung'ono pamene iwo akukalamba, zomwe ziri zachilengedwe. Pazifukwa zina, ubongo wa ubongo sukugwirizana ndi nzeru; Kukhala ndi ubongo waukulu sikumapangitsa munthu kukhala wochenjera.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa 1994 zomwe zinafalitsidwa ku Der Pathologe - ndipo zogwiritsa ntchito oposa 8000 autopsies - zimasonyeza kuti pafupifupi ubongo ubongo amuna opanda ubongo ndi 1336 magalamu ndipo ubongo wa ubongo kwa amayi opanda ubongo ndi 1198 magalamu. Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti, pafupifupi, ubongo wamwamuna umachepa ndi 2.7 magalamu pa chaka ndi ubongo wa ubongo umachepa ndi 2.2 magalamu pachaka. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ubongo wanu umakhala wopepuka patapita nthawi.
Paramondi imodzi yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zosadziwika pa kulemera kwa thupi ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mliri ndi mliri ku United States ndipo kuwonjezereka kwa chiwerengero kumachepetsa kukhulupilika kwa chiwerengero cha kulemera kwa thupi. Zina mwazirombo zimatulutsa zolemera za thupi monga peresenti ya kulemera kwa thupi - kufotokozera mgwirizano wapadera ndi wofanana.
Dr. Patricia Allenby, katswiri wa zachipatala, ndi mtsogoleri wa ma voti autopsy ku Ohio State University akuwonetsa zolakwikazo muzowerengera zoterezo. "Ziwalo zanu sizingawonjezere kulemera kwa thupi lanu. Ngati thupi la munthu limakhala lolemera, chiwalocho sichiwirikiza. "
Zotsatira za Matenda
Sitiyenera kudabwa kuti zotsatira za matenda kapena ziwalo zolemera za thupi zimakhala zosiyana komanso zovuta. Matenda ena amachititsa ziwalo kulemera kwambiri ndi matenda ena zimapangitsa ziwalo kuchepetsa.
Kusuta mowa kumagwirizana ndi kukula kwa mtima (cardiomegaly) komanso kukula kwa chiwindi (hepatomegaly). Komabe, pomaliza, chiwindi cha chiwindi mwa anthu omwe amadalira mowa chikhoza kuchepa ndi kukula kwa chiwindi. Ndi matenda a chiwindi, matenda a chiwindi amachotsedwa ndi minofu yofiira.
Mu nyuzipepala ya 2016 yomwe inalembedwa mu Diabetologia , Campbell-Thompson ndi olemba anzawo amasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu wa 1 amachepa kwambiri mu pancreatic weight kuonekera poyambitsa matenda. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri, komabe, amachepetsa kuchepa kwa kapangidwe.
M'mawu ena, zotsatira zafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga "amatha" kuchepa, ndipo izi zimawoneka ngati munthu amayamba kupeza kuti ali ndi matenda a shuga (makamaka pa ubwana kapena msinkhu).
Ponena za ubongo, ubongo wa ubongo - womwe umawoneka m'mikhalidwe monga stroke ndi dementia - umachepetsa ubongo wa ubongo.
Kutsiliza
Pali zambiri zoti muphunzire zokhudzana ndi zolemera. Ndalama mufukufuku oterowo ndi ofunikira chifukwa kukula ndi kulemera kwa ziwalo ndizozimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yopuma pofuna kudziwa momwe moyo ulili komanso chifukwa cha imfa. Pakalipano, ziwerengero zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolemera zolemera sizitsimikiziridwa ndi umboni wokhutiritsa ndipo sizilizonse.
"Zolemera za thupi zimatithandiza kudziwa ngati pali zovuta," anatero Allenby, "ndipo matenda ambiri amalingana ndi kusintha kwakukulu - makamaka mumtima. Kulemera kwa thupi kumatithandiza kutsimikizira kapena kugwirizanitsa matenda omwe alipo ... Zimathandiza ndi matenda. "
Kuyang'anitsitsa, njira zosaganizira zachinsinsi, monga MRI ndi CT, zingakhale zothandiza pakuzindikiritsa zolemera za thupi popanda kufunika kokhala ndi autopsy. M'nkhani yomwe inalembedwa mu Investigative Radiology , Jackowski ndi alembi ena anapeza kuti kulemera kwa chiwindi ndi nthata kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mafano ndi pulogalamu yofufuza.
Ndipotu, ochita kafukufuku akuganiza kuti kujambula koteroko kungakhale koyenera kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuyendetsa poyerekeza ndi chiwindi ndi nthendayi pakakhala chisokonezo (kusokonezeka) chifukwa palibe kusintha kwa intrahepatic magazi yomwe imachitika panthawi yomwe imaganizira. Amaloseranso zowonjezera zowonjezereka pogwiritsa ntchito CT pofuna kudziwa zilembo za thupi - CT ndi yosavuta komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta kuposa MRI, ndi kuikapo mpweya ndi mpweya wokwanira wa MRI. Mlengalenga amaimira mpweya umene umagwira m'mitsempha ya mitsempha ya magazi.
> Zotsatira:
> Campbell-Thompson ML et al. Chikoka cha mtundu wa shuga 1 pa kulemera kwa Pancreatic. Diabetologia. 2016; 59: 217-221.
> Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, ndi Durigon M. Organ Weight m'chaka cha 684 Anthu Omwe Akuluakulu Amadzimadzi: Ma Tebulo atsopano a Caucasoid Population. Scientific Science International. 2001; 119: 149-154.
> Kukambirana ndi Patricia Allenby, MD, pa 10/14/2016.
> Kufunsa ndi Bradford Hsu, MD, MD, pa 10/16/2016.
> Jackowski C et al. Kuwerengera kosawerengeka kwa zolemera za thupi ndi Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging ndi Multislice Computed Tomography. Kafukufuku Wopangira Mafupa. 2006; 41: 572-578.
> Katch V et al. Zopereka za Mawere a Breast ndi Kunenepa kwa Mafuta Akazi Kugawidwa kwa Akazi. Buku la American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1980; 53: 93-100.
> Wong JLC, Arango-Viana JC, ndi Squires T. Heart, Chiwindi ndi Spleen Pathology mu Omwe Amamwa Mowa ndi Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2008; 15: 141-147.