Malo ogwira ntchito abwino ndi otetezeka nthawi zambiri amatengedwa mopepuka ku United States. Koma panopa fakitale yodzitetezera mosamala ndi maofesi abwino omwe ali ndi malingaliro amasiku ano ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika posachedwapa kwa anthu amasiku ano-zotsatira zenizeni za zoyesayesa zomwe anthu ogwira ntchito pantchito ndi chitetezo amagwira ntchito.
Odzipereka kuti aphunzire ndi kupeŵa kuvulala kwa malo ogwira ntchito ndi matenda, ntchito ya thanzi labwino ndi chitetezo ndilo chifukwa cha zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zomwe antchito a ku America amapindula zaka 200 zapitazo.
Mafakitale owopsa ndi mafakitale osatetezeka, omwe amapezekapo ambiri, apanga malo abwino, oyeretsa kwa antchito. Kuphatikizidwa kwa malamulo, malamulo akuluakulu a nthambi, ndi kudziletsa ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito zamasinthika zasintha malo ogwirira ntchito ku America. Chotsatira chake, ngozi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale ambiri m'mayiko ambiri zakhala zikuchepa kwazaka zambiri-zomwe zikupitirira ngakhale lerolino.
Tanthauzo
Umoyo wathanzi ndi chitetezo ndi gawo la thanzi labwino lomwe limafufuza zochitika pa matenda ndi kuvulala kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndipo amapanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi malamulo oyenera kuwatchingira. Chiwerengero chake ndi chachikulu, chophatikizapo ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana-kuchokera ku toxicology ndi matenda mpaka ergonomics ndi kupewa chiwawa.
Zakale, cholinga cha ntchito zaumoyo ndi chitetezo chakhalapo pa ntchito zapakhomo, monga antchito ogulitsa mafakitale. Koma mundawu ukuphatikizapo ntchito zonse ku United States.
Kuwonjezera pa kuonetsetsa kuti malo athu ogwirira ntchito (kuchokera kumangidwe omangamanga kupita ku ofesi ya nyumba) ali ndi chitetezo chokha pofuna kupewa ngozi, akatswiri a zaumoyo amathandizanso kuchepetsa ngozi zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono zomwe zingayambitse matenda kapena matenda a m'maganizo tsopano kapena mtsogolomu.
Anthu oposa atatu miliyoni amavutika ndi kuvulazidwa kapena matenda okhudza ntchito ku chaka chilichonse ku United States.
Mamilioni ambiri amadziwika ndi zoopsa za chilengedwe zomwe zingayambitse mavuto kuyambira tsopano. Malipiro a antchito amanena kuti ndalama zoposa $ biliyoni pa sabata. Izi sizikutengera ngakhale kuwonongeka kwa malipiro ndi ndalama zina zosawonetsera, monga kuchepa kwa zokolola komanso maganizo omwe akukumana nawo kapena kusamalira munthu wovulala.
Kupatula anthu odzigwira okha ndi achibale a ogwira ntchito zaulimi, pafupifupi abambo onse onse payekha ndi anthu onse ali ndi udindo wovomerezeka ndi wovomerezeka kukhazikitsa ndi kusunga malo abwino ndi abwino. Ena amasangalala kutsatira zifukwa zoyenera kapena chifukwa chovulala ndi matenda angayambitse kukolola, kutuluka, komanso apamwamba omwe amapatsidwa inshuwalansi zaumoyo. N'chizoloŵezi kuti abambo akuluakulu azikhazikitsa ntchito zawo zaumoyo komanso zachitetezo zomwe zimaposa zofunikira.
Mbiri
Malingaliro akuti malo ogwira ntchito ku United States ayenera kuyenela kutsatira ndondomeko ya chitetezo ndi thanzi labwino sizomwe zimatsutsana-koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Makhalidwe ogwira ntchito kwa anthu ambiri a ku America akhala akuyendera bwino ndipo akuyamba zaka 150 zapitazi, ndi malamulo akuluakulu okhudzidwa ndi chitetezo chachuma adayendetsedwa ndi malamulo aang'ono ochepa omwe adakhazikitsidwa pansi pa maphwando akuluakulu akuluakulu a United States m'zaka zaposachedwapa.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, mafakitale anayamba kukolola konsekonse ku United States. Kaŵirikaŵiri ogwira ntchito ndi achinyamata, ogwira ntchito kwambiri, mafakitale anali malo ovuta kugwira ntchito. Nkhani zolembedwa mu 1872 lipoti la boma la Massachusetts la Bureau of Labor linanena zambiri zomwe zimachitika anthu ogwira ntchito miyendo kapena ataphedwa chifukwa cha ntchito zoperewera komanso zovuta.
Kuwonjezera pa zipangizo zoopsa ndi makina, malowa anali odetsedwa komanso opanda mpweya wokwanira. Kutsegula mawindo kungasokoneze zipangizo mkati mwa mafakitale, kotero iwo amakhala otsekedwa, kusiya antchito kupuma mu zitsulo zamakina ndi phulusa tsiku lonse.
Poyankha lipoti la 1872 ndikulemba ziwerengero, Massachusetts anakhala dziko loyamba la United States kuti afunike kuyendera fakitale zomwe zikuphatikizapo kutsimikiziridwa, mwa zina, kutuluka moto kumalo onse. Zina zinatsatidwa mofulumira. Pofika m'chaka cha 1890, mayiko 21 anali ndi malamulo amtundu umodzi m'mabuku omwe amaletsa ngozi zowononga kuntchito. Ngakhale kuyesayesa kumeneku kunali njira yoyenera, inali yonyansa ya malamulo ndi malamulo. Malamulo anali osiyana kuchokera ku boma kupita ku boma ndipo sankayesedwa nthawi zonse. Mayiko okhala ndi ndondomeko yowonjezereka adakopa malonda kuchokera kumayiko ovuta, ndipo kukankhira kunkapangidwira kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kupita patsogolo kumbuyo kunayamba pamene anthu ankafuna malamulo okhwima ndi malonda anamenyana kuti awamasulire.
Malamulo oyendetsera malamulowa adatsimikiziridwa kwambiri mu December 1970 pamene pulezidenti Richard Nixon adasintha lamulo la Occupational Safety and Health Act kuti likhale lamulo loyamba loti liziteteze antchito a ku America. Lamulo linapatsa boma la US kulemba ndi kulimbikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo ndi zaumoyo kwa antchito onse a dzikoli. Posakhalitsa, Occupational Safety ndi Health Administration (OSHA) inakhazikitsidwa kuti iyang'anire kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo latsopano.
Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a boma ndi a federal akhala akudutsa zaka zapitazo, kuwonjezera ntchito ya zaumoyo ndi chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito komanso kupita kuntchito zotetezeka kwa onse. Tsopano, ngati mwavulala pa ntchito, simungathe kubweza chifukwa cha malipiro a antchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo kumapezeka otsutsa osasamala kapena osatetezeka. Kuyang'anira ndi maulamuliro oyang'anira kumathandiza kuzindikira zovuta. Ndipo ndondomeko zamakono zotetezera malo pamalo ogwira ntchito zikuwonekeratu zoopsya ndikuthandizira olemba ntchito kuthana ndi mavuto omwe amaika antchito pangozi.
Ngakhale kuli kovuta kulingalira zotsatira zenizeni za lamulo - tilibe deta yambiri pachitetezo cha malo a ntchito kuyambira masiku osadutsa-OSHA-akuti chiwerengero cha ngozi za malo ogwira ntchito zatsika ndi zoposa 65 peresenti , ngakhale zovuta kwambiri kuwonjezeka kwa ogwira ntchito m'dzikolo.
Nkhani Zilipo
Nkhani zomwe anaziphunzira ndi zolamulidwa ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo ndi zachitetezo masiku ano zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ziopsezo zakuthupi mongazitali zapamwamba ndi makina akuluakulu zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito zomangamanga, pamene kuwonongeka kwa maganizo ndi kubwereza kupsinjika maganizo kungakhale malo apamwamba pa ofesi. Ngakhale zilibe kanthu, ngakhale kuti kusintha kwakukulu kuntchito kuntchito kumakhala kosavuta, pali mavuto angapo otetezeka ndi thanzi la anthu ogwira ntchito ku America kumene ntchito zambiri zingatheke.
Imfa
Ambirimbiri ku United States amafa chifukwa cha kugwa chaka chilichonse. Ndicho chimayambitsa chiwonongeko pakati pa ogwira ntchito yomangamanga-komabe chiri choletsedwa kwathunthu. Kwa omanga ambiri, kugwira ntchito kuchokera kutalika sikutheka, koma ndi njira zoyenera zotetezera, imfa ndi kuvulala zikhoza kupeŵedwa. Zitetezo izi ziyenera kuyamba ntchitoyo isanayambike pa gawo loyambirira la mapulani. Olemba ntchito ayenera kumaphatikizapo mtengo wa zipangizo zotetezera, monga ma harnies, scaffolds, ndi kugwidwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito, polojekiti ya polojekiti, kotero kuti ogwira ntchito onse amatha kupeza ndipo akuphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe akufuna.
Matenda Otentha
Malingana ndi OSHA, anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito amamwalira chaka chilichonse chifukwa chogwira ntchito yotentha kapena kutentha, ndipo zikwi zambiri zimadwala. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zochitikazi zimachitika m'mafakitale yomangamanga, koma zikhoza kuchitika kwa aliyense wogwira ntchito pamalo omwe sali woyendetsedwa bwino ndi nyengo.
Olemba ntchito akukakamizidwa mwalamulo pansi pa malamulo a federal kuti awonetsetse kuti malo ogwira ntchito sakhala ndi ngozi zoopsa, ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo kutentha kwakukulu. OSHA ikulimbikitsa amalonda ndi mabwana kuti ateteze antchito awo ku matenda okhudzana ndi kutentha ndi kupweteka pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga omwe amawalimbikitsa kupereka madzi, mpumulo, ndi mthunzi kwa ogwira ntchito onse-makamaka pamene chiwerengero cha kutentha ndi madigiri 91 Fahrenheit kapena apamwamba.
Kukhumudwa Kwambiri Kupanikizika
Malo okhudzidwa okhudzidwa okhudzana ndi ntchito zaumoyo ndi kuvulala kumene kumachitika chifukwa chosauka komanso kubwerezabwereza. Ogwira ntchito ambiri ku US amagwira ntchito makamaka pa makompyuta, kusuta ndi kulemba kwa maola ambiri pamapeto, zomwe zimachititsa kuti minofu ndi ziwalo zina zisagwiritsidwe bwino. Ntchito zobwerezabwereza izi tsiku ndi tsiku zingayambitse kuvulaza, monga carpal tunnel komanso ngakhale maso. Anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito masiku ano amagwiritsanso ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi (nthawi zonse kapena nthawi yotsegula) angathandizenso kupweteka kwa nthawi yaitali, kutaya zokolola, komanso ndalama za mankhwala. Olemba ntchito ambiri amapeza kuti kuyendetsa malingaliro a ergonomics ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi chitetezo kuntchito (monga kulumikiza maulendo, maulendo, ndi kugwa) kwenikweni zimabwereranso pazinthu zowonongeka pokhapokha chitayika bwino ndi ndalama za ogwira ntchito zachipatala.
Makhalidwe Okhazikika
Pamene antchito achoka kuntchito yopangira ntchito ku desiki, anthu a ku America akhala akucheperapo. Ogwira ntchito kuntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala maola ambiri pa nthawi ya ntchito-osatchula nthawi yawo yopuma komanso nthawi yopuma. Koma kukhala ndi moyo wokhazikika kungakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa thanzi lanu, kuphatikizapo kuonjezera chiopsezo chanu chokwanira kunenepa kwambiri, magazi, ndi imfa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti, malinga ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, pafupifupi munthu mmodzi pa atatu aliwonse achikulire amapeza zochepa zolimbitsa thupi kuti ateteze thanzi lanu-ntchito zosachepera 30, masiku asanu pa sabata.
Ngakhale, ngakhale zili choncho, mwina sikukwanira kuthetsa zoopsa za kumangidwa ku desiki. Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti omwe anakhalapo maola 12.5 patsiku (osati kunja kwa malo ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito kuntchito omwe amakonda kupuma pabedi) anali otheka kufa chifukwa cha zifukwa zonse kuposa omwe anali achangu, akuyendayenda osachepera mphindi 30 iliyonse. Izi zinali choncho ngakhale kuti anthu ankagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Kukhala motalika kwambiri nthawi zambiri kungakhale ndi zotsatira zowawa pakapita nthawi.
Chiwawa cha kuntchito
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti chitetezo chapakhomo chimagwirira ntchito makamaka makamaka m'mafakitale oopsa monga kumanga, kusodza panyanja, kapena kugula mitengo. Inde, magulu awa amapeza nambala za ngozi zoopsa kwambiri za ogwira ntchito ku US. Komabe, kuvulazidwa kosapweteka ndi matenda kumanena nkhani yosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, othandizira achikulire, amawona kulemera kwa nthawi yovulazidwa chifukwa cha nkhanza zomwe zimadwalitsidwa ndi odwala omwe akuwasamalira. Ndipotu, chiŵerengero cha nkhanza za kuntchito ku unamwino woyendetsedwa ndi boma kapena ku malo ogona ku United States ndi kawiri kawiri ka apolisi omwe akuyendetsedwa ndi boma ndipo pafupifupi anthu anayi omwe amagwira ntchito m'misika. Kuvulala kumeneku kungapangitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zokolola, momwe maulendo opitirira theka la kuvulala amachititsa masiku ambiri kuchoka kuntchito-osatchula kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwala opatsirana ndi ululu waumunthu.