Ku United States, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi alkri omwe amawononga matenda ambiri
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2018, nkhawa za "zombie nyama" zimafalitsa matenda kwa anthu. Ngakhale n'kotheka, mwayi wokhala ndi matenda aakulu (CWD) - omwe ali ofanana ndi matenda a ng'ombe amisala - atatha kudya nyama yowopsa kwambiri. Pakadali pano, anthu ambiri okhala ndi ziweto ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha CWD. Komanso, sipanakhalepo umboni wotsimikizirika wa matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amafalitsidwa kuchokera ku nswala kapena kudulira kwa anthu.
Mu nthenda ndi nthendayi, CWD imayambitsa imfa yochepa, yowawa yomwe imatha kupha nyama yomwe ikhoza kudya ndi kumwa. Kwa anthu, CWD imawononga ubongo pang'onopang'ono. Ndi matenda a ubongo omwe amafalikira ndi mphalapala, nyamakazi, nsomba, ndi ntchentche. Kawirikawiri, CWD ikhoza kuikidwa ngati "yochedwa" matenda opatsirana. Matenda ochepa opatsirana amayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi ndi mapiritsi; CWD imayambitsidwa ndi prions.
Matenda osokoneza bongo amamvetsetsa bwino pa nkhani ya matenda a prion. Tiyeni tiyambe mwa kuyang'ana kwambiri pa matenda a prion.
Kodi Matenda a Prion N'chiyani?
Kafukufuku wam'tsogolo wapereka ndondomeko zinayi za ma prions.
Choyamba, mankhwalawa ndi omwe amadziwika okha omwe alibe nucleic acid. Mankhwala ena opatsirana monga mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi ali ndi DNA ndi RNA yomwe imatsogolera kubereka kwawo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapiritsi amachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda.
Chachiwiri, zimbudzi zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana, obadwa nawo, komanso zovuta.
Palibe matenda ena chifukwa cha chinthu chimodzi chomwe chikuwonetseredwa pazinthu zambiri zachipatala.
Chachitatu, mapulotoni amapangidwa mobwerezabwereza m'mapuloteni omwe amadzifalitsa mu ubongo. Kawirikawiri, mapuloteni a prion akuganiza kuti amachititsa kuti zizindikiro ziziyenda bwino. Mapuloteni otchedwa PrP C (prion protein cellular) ali ndi mapangidwe a alpha-helical.
Mu matenda a prion, mapangidwe a zilembo za al-alphachi amasintha ku pepala lopangidwa ndi mankhwala omwe amatchedwa PrP SC (prion protein scrapie). PrP SC imeneyi imaphatikizira mu filaments zomwe zimasokoneza mitsempha ya maselo ndipo zimayambitsa selo imfa.
Ziperezi zimafalitsa pamene mapepala apamwamba a beta (PrP SC ) akulembera mitundu ya alpha-helical (PrP C ) kuti akhale mapepala apamwamba. RNA yapadera yamakina imasintha kusintha uku. Zindikirani, PrP SC ndi PrP C zili ndi momwemo amino acid koma zofanana zofanana kapena mawonekedwe. Mofananamo, kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi ziwirizi kungalingaliridwe ngati zopangira kapena zolembera.
Matenda a Prion-Mediated In People
Kwa anthu, matumbawa amachititsa "matenda" ochepetsa matenda opatsirana. Matendawa ali ndi nthawi yaitali yotulutsidwa ndipo amatenga nthawi yaitali kuti awonekere. Kuyamba kwawo kumakhala pang'onopang'ono, ndipo maphunziro awo akupita patsogolo. Mwamwayi, imfa ndizosapeŵeka.
Matenda opatsirana ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti anthu amatha kupititsa patsogolo anthu amatchedwa spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Matendawa ndi "spongiform" chifukwa amachititsa kuti ubongo ukhale ndi maonekedwe a spongy, odzaza ndi mabowo m'matumbo a ubongo.
Mitundu isanu ya TSE imachitika mwa anthu kuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:
- Kuru
- Matenda a Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD)
- Matenda osiyanasiyana a Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD)
- Matenda a Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS)
- Kupha anthu m'banja mwathu
Kulongosola kwachipatala kwa CJD kumaphatikizapo kuvutika maganizo, kutaya thupi, kutayika, kuwonongeka, ndi kufooka komwe kumakhudza mbali imodzi ya thupi. Ngakhale zofanana ndi kuru, zomwe zimakhudza mafuko Akuneneratu ku New Guinea atatha kusungunuka kwa ubongo wa munthu, kuru sikumayambitsa matenda a maganizo. Komanso, CJD imapezeka padziko lonse ndipo si yogwirizana ndi zizoloŵezi zodyera, ntchito, kapena nyama. Ndipotu, zomera zimatha kukhala ndi CJD. Zonsezi, CJD zimakhudza munthu mmodzi mwa milioni ndipo zimapezeka m'mayiko omwe nyama zimakhala ndi matenda a prion komanso m'mayiko omwe nyama sizikhala ndi matenda a prion.
Matenda osokoneza bongo ndi mtundu wa vCJD. Mchitidwe wochuluka wa vCJD ndi matenda a mimba omwe amachititsa kuti matendawa asapitirire. Chifukwa chomwe CWD ndi matenda opatsirana a ng'ombe amatchedwa "CJD" ndikuti matendawa amapezeka kwa odwala omwe ali ochepa kwambiri kuposa omwe amakhala ndi CJD. Komanso, palinso zovuta zina zomwe zimapezeka mu vCJD.
Mu 1996, matenda a ng'ombe amisala adayambanso kuonekera patapita zaka zambiri ku Great Britain. Anthu omwe adagwidwa ndi matendawa ankatha kudyetsa ng'ombe yokhudzana ndi ubweya wa ng'ombe. Kuonjezera apo, anthu okhawo omwe ali ndi mtundu wina wa prion-prion mapuloteni omwe amatha kukhala ndi methionine-adayambitsa matendawa. Mwachiwonekere, mapuloteni a prion omwe amadziwika kuti methionine amapezeka mosavuta mu mawonekedwe a pepala la beta (PrP SC ).
Matenda Osatha Osautsa
Mpaka pano, sipanakhalepo zidziwitso zofalitsa za CWD kwa anthu. Komabe, pali umboni wina. Mu 2002, matenda a neurodegenerative anapezeka mu amuna atatu omwe adya nyama yamadzulo m'ma 1990. Mmodzi wa amunawa anatsimikiziridwa kukhala ndi CJD. (Kumbukirani kuti CJD ndi "yochedwa" ndipo imatenga nthawi kuti iwonetsedwe.)
Malinga ndi CDC, kuyambira mu January 2018, CWD m'zinthu zapadera, elk, ndi ntchentche zafotokozedwa m'madera oposa 22 ndi zigawo ziwiri za Canada. Ku United States, CWD yadziwika ku Midwest, Kumadzulo chakumadzulo, ndi mbali zina za East Coast. N'zotheka kuti CWD ilipo m'madera a United States omwe alibe machitidwe abwino. Ngakhale kuti ambiri amapezeka ku United States ndi Canada, CWD imapezeka ku Norway ndi South Korea.
Chochititsa chidwi, CWD poyamba inkazindikiridwa mu nsomba yotengedwa kumapeto kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Pofika m'chaka cha 1981, anadziwika m'tchire. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa CWD m'magawo a nyama zakutchire kumakhala kochepa, m'madera ena, kufalikira kwa matenda kumatha kupitirira 10 peresenti, ndipo pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya kachilombo ka HIV imafotokozedwa m'mabuku. Zindikirani, mu anthu ogwidwa ndi njala, kufalikira kwa CWD kungakhale kwakukulu kwambiri. Mwachidziwitso, pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya nsomba m'modzi wogwidwa ndi nthendayi anali ndi CWD.
Kafukufuku wa zinyama amasonyeza kuti CWD ikhoza kupititsidwa kwa ziweto zopanda anthu, monga anyani, omwe amadya nyama yodetsedwa ndi ubongo kapena madzi amadzi.
Mu nthenda ndi nthendayi, zimatha mpaka chaka chisanachitike zizindikiro za CJD. Zizindikiro izi zimaphatikizapo kulemera kwa thupi, kusawerengeka, ndi kukhumudwa. Palibe mankhwala kapena katemera wa CWD. Komanso, nyama zina zimatha kufa ndi CWD popanda kukhala ndi zizindikiro.
Mu 1997, bungwe la WHO linalimbikitsa kuti ogwira ntchito onse omwe amabweretsa matenda a prion-kuphatikizapo nyerere ndi CWD-asungidwe kunja kwa chakudya chifukwa cha mantha.
Kupewa
Ngati CWD iyenera kufalikira kwa anthu, njira yabwino yothetsera kufala ndikusafuna kudya nyama kapena nyama. Chizoloŵezi chodyera nyama yochuluka chikufala ku United States. Mu kafukufuku wa 2006-2007 womwe CDC inafotokozera, 20 peresenti ya anthu omwe anafunsidwawa anafotokoza nyama yowasaka kapena elk, ndipo awiri mwa magawo atatu alionse amawadyera nyama kapena nyama zamphongo.
Pogwiritsa ntchito nsomba ndi zinyama zambiri ndipo palibe umboni wodalirika wofalitsa koma ukutchulidwa, sizikuwoneka kuti nyama zambiri zam'mimba ndi nyama zam'mlengalenga zimasiya kumwa. Choncho, akulimbikitsidwa kuti asaka aziteteza pamene akusaka.
Mabungwe ena a zinyama zakutchire amayang'ana kuchuluka kwa CWD m'magulu a nyama zakutchire ndi okalamba pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero. Ndikofunika kufufuza ndi mawebusaiti a boma ndi maofesi a zinyama zakutchire kuti awatsogolere ndikupewa kusaka anthu omwe CWD imadziwika.
Chofunika kwambiri, sikuti mayiko onse amawunika CWD muzilombo zakutchire ndi zinyama. Kuwonjezera apo, kuyesa koipa kwa CWD sikutanthauza kuti munthu wodwala kapena wodwala alibe matenda. Komabe, mwayi woti nthenda kapena nthendayi yokhala ndi mayeso oipa sichikhala ndi CWD.
Pano pali malangizo othandizira osowa za CWD:
- Musagwirizane, kuwombera kapena kudya nyere kapena okalamba omwe amawoneka odwala kapena akuchita zinthu zachilendo
- Pewani msewu-kupha
- Pamene mukugwirira ntchito kumbali, valani nsalu za latex kapena magalasi, kuchepetsani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ubongo kapena ziwalo zina, ndipo musagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zapakhomo kapena ziwiya zakhitchini
- Ganizirani kukhala ndi nthendayi kapena yochuluka yomwe mukukonzekera kuti muyese kuyesa kwa CWD
- Ngati muli ndi masewera ogulitsira malonda, funsani kuti nyama yanu ikhale yokonzeka mosiyana ndi nsomba zina ndi zina
- Musadye nthata kapena nyemba zomwe zimayesa zabwino kwa CWD
- Funsani ndi akuluakulu a zinyama zakutchire kuti aphunzire ngati kuyesedwa kwa nyerere kapena kuchepa kwa CWD kukulimbikitsidwa kapena kuyenela
Ponena za nyama yamalonda ndi nyama yamphongo, Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Umoyo wa Zanyama ndi Zomera za ku United States imayang'anira ntchito yothandizira ziweto za CWD. Pulogalamuyi ndi yaufulu, ndipo abusa amavomereza kuti azitsatira ziweto zawo. Osati eni onse a ziweto akugwira ntchito pulogalamuyo. N'kutheka kuti ndibwino kudya nyama yamphongo kapena nyama yamakono kuchokera kwa ogulitsa malonda omwe amapita nawo pulogalamuyo.
Mitundu Yamitundu Yamtundu
Mu 2014, Kuznetsova ndi anzake adapeza kuti mitundu ina ya nthaka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Alberta ndi kum'mwera kwa Saskatchewan (mbali za Canada) ikhoza kukhala ndi mabungwe a CWD.
Malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo:
Kawirikawiri, dothi lolemera ladothi limatha kumangirira mwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo limapangitsa kuti asamakhale ndi vuto lofanana ndi dothi lopangidwa ndi dongo la montmorillonite. Zosakaniza zadothi za nthaka ndizosiyana komanso sizidziwika bwino, komabe zingakhudzire mgwirizano wa nthaka. Zina zofunika kwambiri zimaphatikizapo nthaka pH, kupanga dothi la nthaka ndi kuchuluka kwa zitsulo (metal oxides) .... Mchenga waukulu m'dera la CWD ku Alberta ndi Saskatchewan ndi Chernozems, yomwe ilipo 60% mwa malo onsewa; Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi zojambula, dongo mineralogy ndi nthaka, ndipo zimatha kukhala dongo loamy, montmorillonite (smectite) ndi 6-10% ya carbon dioxide.
Nyama zimadya nthaka kuti zipeze zosowa zawo. Nthakayi imabwereranso kunthaka ngati mawonekedwe kapena mitembo. Momwemonso, mapulotoni amatha kupangira njinga m'nthaka. Zikuwoneka kuti mapulotoni amamangiriza bwino kwambiri dothi.
Mawu Ochokera
Mpaka pano, sipanakhalepo umboni wotsimikizirika wa matenda otha kupweteka kwambiri kuchokera ku ziweto kapena kwa anthu; Komabe, akatswiri akudandaula za chiopsezo. Matenda osokoneza bongo ali ofanana ndi matenda a ng'ombe amisala, omwe alembedwa kuti afalikire ku ng'ombe kwa anthu.
Mukamadya nyama yophika nyama, ndibwino kuti musamangoganizira zowonongeka kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a zinyama zakutchire. Ndi masewera achilengedwe, musadye nyama kuchokera ku nswala kapena kuluka komwe kumawoneka odwala. Komanso, ndibwino kuti mukhale ndi nyama zakutchire kapena nyama zamchere zomwe zimayesedwa kwa CWD.
Mukamagula nsomba zamalonda kapena nyama yamphongo, onetsetsani kuti nyamayi imatsimikiziridwa ngati yopanda CWD.
> Zotsatira:
> Matenda Oopsya Osatha. CDC.
> Kuznetsova A et al. Zomwe zingapangidwe kuti nthaka ikhale yofalikira pakufalitsidwa kwa CWD kumadzulo kwa Canada. Prion. 2014; 8 (1): 92-9.
> Prusiner SB, Miller BL. Matenda a Prion. Mu: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Mfundo za Harrison za Internal Medicine, 19e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Zilonda Zowonongeka & Prions. Mu: Levinson W. eds. Ndemanga ya Medical Microbiology ndi Immunology, 14e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.