Ngakhale ma X-rays ali ofunikira ali ndi mayesero othandiza kuganizira zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala, madokotala amafunikira zovuta zoganizira zachipatala zowonjezereka kuti awathandize kuzindikira chomwe chimayambitsa zizindikiro za wodwalayo. Tomasi ya computed tomato (CT) ndi maginito opanga maginito (MRI) angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kuganizira ndi kufufuza .
Mu mayesero onsewa, wodwala amagona patebulo lomwe limasunthira kupyolera mu mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe monga mafano amapezedwa.
Koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa CT ndi MRI.
Computed Tomography (CT)
Mu CT scan, chojambula cha X-ray chikuzungulira kuzungulira thupi la wodwalayo. Kakompyuta imagwira zithunzizo ndikukonzanso magawo a m'magawo a thupi. Kuyeza kwa CT kungathe kumapeto kwa mphindi zisanu zokha, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'maofesi opatsirana.
Kansalu ya CT imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamagulu otsatirawa ndi zolakwika:
- Kuchuluka kwa ubongo chifukwa cha kupweteka kapena kupwetekedwa mtima
- Nyumba za Bony
- Kumanga thupi pamapapo
- Matumbo, mimba ndi pelvis
- Impso miyala
Kuyeza kwa CT kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutsogolera kusungidwa kwa singano panthawi ya mapapo, chiwindi kapena ziwalo zina.
Nthaŵi zina, dye yosiyana imaperekedwa kwa wodwalayo kuti apange mawonekedwe a zigawo zina pa CT scan. Kusiyanitsa kungaperekedwe mwakuya, pamlomo kapena kudzera mu enema. Kusiyanitsa kwapadera sikugwiritsidwe ntchito kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu a impso kapena zovuta zosiyana.
Kuyeza kwa CT kumagwiritsa ntchito maizoni omwe amachititsa kuti zijambula zithunzi. Mitundu imeneyi imayambitsa kuwonjezeka kochepa pa moyo wa munthu payekha kuti akhalenso ndi khansa. Yankho la ma radiation ionizing limasiyana pakati pa anthu. Ma radiation ndi owopsa kwa ana. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wotsogoleredwa ndi Pulofesa Mark Pierce wa ku Yunivesite ya Newcastle, UK, adawonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa ma radiation ochokera ku CT scans ndi khansa ya m'magazi ndi ubongo m'mabwana.
Komabe, olembawo amanena kuti zovuta zowonjezera zonsezi ndizochepa, ndipo kawirikawiri, phindu lachipatala limaposa ngozi.
Ndiponso, ngati zipangizo zamakono zakula bwino, mlingo wa ma radiation wofunikira kuti CT wasachepetse. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, khalidwe lalingaliro lalingaliro lapambana. Maselo ena am'badwo wotsatira akhoza kuchepetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa mpaka 95 peresenti poyerekeza ndi makina a CT. Kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mizere yambiri ya zowononga X-ray ndipo amalola kujambula mofulumira mwa kutenga chigawo chachikulu cha thupi nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, CT coronary angiographies yomwe imayang'ana mitsempha ya mtima ikhoza kutenga chithunzi cha mtima wonse mu mtima umodzi ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chitetezo cha ma radiation ndi kuzindikira kwa dzuwa kwafotokozedwa kwambiri. Mabungwe awiri omwe amagwira ntchito yowadziwitsa ndi Chithunzi Chachikondi Chogwirizana ndi Chithunzi Mwachangu. Chithunzi Chimafuna kusinthira mlingo wa mankhwala kwa ana, pomwe Image imagwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito yophunzitsa bwino za kutuluka kwa dzuwa komanso imayankhula zovuta zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi mazira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kufunika kokambirana za ngozi za poizoni ndi odwala; monga wodwalayo, uyenera kutenga nawo mbali popanga zisankho.
Maginito Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Mosiyana ndi CT, MRI siigwiritsa ntchito ma radiation. Choncho, ndi njira yabwino yowonetsera ana ndi ziwalo za thupi zomwe siziyenera kutayika ngati zingatheke, mwachitsanzo, m'mawere ndi m'mimba mwa amayi.
M'malo mwake, MRI imagwiritsa ntchito maginito ndi mafunde a wailesi kuti apeze zithunzi. MRI imapanga zojambula pamtundu wosiyanasiyana-ndiko, kudutsa m'lifupi, kutalika ndi kutalika kwa thupi lanu.
MRI ikuyenera kuyang'ana zochitika za thupi zotsatirazi ndi zolakwika:
- Kuvulala kwa matope ndi mitsempha yoyandikana ndi ziwalo monga bondo kapena mapewa. (Tendon imagwirizanitsa minofu ndi mafupa pofuna kusuntha mafupa.) Mgwirizano umagwirizanitsa fupa ndi fupa kuti likhale lolimba.) Mwachitsanzo, dokotala akhoza kulamula MRI ngati wina ali ndi zizindikiro za ndondomeko yotsekemera pamondo.
- Mavuto a msana, monga disney herniated kapena stinosis
- Matenda a ubongo, monga chotupa, matenda, zilonda zakale ndi multiple sclerosis
- Osteomyelitis (matenda aakulu a mafupa)
Makina a MRI si ambiri monga makina a CT, kotero nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthawi yaitali kuyembekezera asanafike MRI. Kuyeza kwa MRI kumalinso kotsika mtengo. Ngakhale katemera wa CT ungathe kumapeto kwa mphindi zosachepera 5, mayeso a MRI angatenge mphindi 30 kapena kupitirira.
Makina a MRI ali phokoso, ndipo odwala ena amamva ngati akuwombera panthawi ya mayeso. Mankhwala opatsirana pakamwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito "makina" otsegula MRI angathandize odwala kumverera bwino.
Chifukwa chakuti MRI imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi, njirayi siingakhoze kuchitidwa kwa odwala okhala ndi zipangizo zamatabwa zowonjezera, monga pacemakers, valve mtima, valentine kapena aneurysm.
Ma MRIs amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito gadolinium monga dye yosiyana. Gadolinium nthawi zambiri amakhala otetezeka kusiyana ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa CT koma zingakhale zovulaza kwa odwala omwe ali pa dialysis a impso kulephera.
Zochitika zamakono zatsopano zamakono zikupangitsanso kusanthula kwa MRI kuti zithetse thanzi lomwe MRI poyamba sinali yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016, asayansi ochokera ku Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center ku UK anapanga njira yatsopano yomwe ingathandize kufotokozera mapapu. Njirayi imagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a krypton gasi monga mankhwala osakanikirana komanso otchedwa Inhaled Hyperpolarised Gas MRI. Odwala amafunika kuyambitsa mpweya mu mawonekedwe oyeretsedwa kwambiri, omwe amalola kupanga chifaniziro cha 3D cha mapapu awo. Ngati maphunziro a njirayi apambana, makina atsopano a MRI angapatse madokotala chithunzi chabwino cha matenda a m'mapapo, monga mphumu ndi cystic fibrosis. Mitambo ina yabwino imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu mawonekedwe a hyperpolarized, kuphatikizapo xenon ndi helium. Xenon amalekerera bwino ndi thupi. Ndi yotsika mtengo kuposa helium ndipo ilipo mwachibadwa. Zikudziwika kuti ndi zothandiza makamaka pofufuza mapangidwe a mapapu ndi kusinthanitsa kwa mpweya mu alveoli (timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta mpweya m'mapapo). Akatswiri amaneneratu kuti osagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu osagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu angakhale opambana kuposa njira zomwe zilipo kale komanso kuyesa ntchito. Amapereka chidziwitso chapamwamba pa ntchito ndi mapangidwe a mapapo, omwe amapezeka panthawi imodzi.
> Zotsatira:
> Foray N, Bourguignon M, Hamada N. Kuyankha kwina kwa ma radiation. Kusintha kwa Kusinthika-Kufufuza mu Mutation Research . 2016; 770 (Gawo B): 369-386.
> Hill B, Johnson S, Owens E, Gerber J, Senagore A. CT Scan ya Mimba Yopweteka Mimba Yopangidwira: Mmene Zimagwirizanirana ndi IV, Mlomo, ndi Zosiyana. World Journal of Surgery . 2010; 34 (4): 699
> Hinzpeter R, Sprengel K, Wanner G, Mildenberger P, Alkadhi H. Kafukufuku Wowonjezera Wowonjezera Pambuyo pa Kusamukasamuka: Kusanthula zizindikiro, ma radiation, ndi ndalama. European Journal of Radiology . 2017: 135-140.
> Pearce M, Salotti J, de González A, et al. Nkhani: Kutuluka kwa mpweya wochokera ku CT kumayambira ali mwana ndipo pangozi zimakhala zoopsa za khansa ya m'magazi ndi zotupa za ubongo. Lancet . 2012; 380: 499-505.
> Rogers N, Hill-Casey F, Meersmann T, et al. Ma hydrogen olemera ndi othandizira poyambitsa makilogalamu 83Kr ndi 129Xe MRI othandizira osiyana . Proceedings ya National Academy of Sciences ya United States of America . 2016; 113 (12): 3164-3168.
> Roos JE, McAdams HP, Kaushik SS, Driehuys B. Mpweya wa MRI wambiri: Njira ndi Mapulogalamu. Makanema ojambula maginito a North America . 2015; 23 (2): 217-229. lembani: 10.1016 / j.mric.2015.01.003.