Pali zifukwa zotsutsana ndi dokotala wothandizira kudzipha
Mtsutsano wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi umoyo wa wodwala wothandizira kudzipha (PAS) siwatsopano . Zakhala zikukambirana zaukali kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo siziwonetsa zizindikiro zozizira.
Kudzipha wothandizira wodwala pakali pano ndi wovomerezeka (2017) ku Oregon, Washington, Vermont, Colorado, ndi Montana. Padziko lonse lapansi (ngakhale zoletsedwa zimasiyanasiyana) ndizovomerezeka ku Netherlands, Belgium, UK, Columbia, ndi Japan.
Ndilovomerezeka m'chigawo cha Quebec ku Canada. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kudzipha kuchipatala ndi nkhani yosiyana kuchokera kumanja kukana kapena kuchotsa miyoyo ya moyo kapena palliative sedation, pomwe pamakhala kutsutsana kwakukulu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosankha zaumwini m'malo mosemphana ndi malamulo.
Kodi ndi zifukwa zotani zothandizira kapena kutsutsa kudzipha kuchipatala?
Mikangano Yomwe Amathandizira Kapena Kutsutsa Dokotala-Anathandiza Kudzipha
Pali otsutsa amphamvu kumbali zonse za nkhani yodzipha kuchipatala, koma musanalowe muzinthu izi, ndizofunika kufotokoza mwamsanga zomwe tikukambirana. Kodi kudzipha ndi chithandizo chotani kuchipatala ndipo izi zimasiyana bwanji ndi, kunena kuti, euthanasia? Kudzipha kuchipatala kapena PAS kumatanthauzidwa ngati kutha kwaufulu kwa moyo wako mwa kuyendetsa mankhwala owopsa ndi thandizo lachindunji kapena lachindunji la dokotala.
Mosiyana ndi matenda a euthanasia, kumene dokotala amachitapo kanthu, PAS adokotala amapereka njira zofunika ndipo wodwala amachita zomwezo.
Mfundo Zinayi Zikuluzikulu Zotsutsa PAS (ndi Zotsatira Zotsutsana)
Ngakhale kuti pali mfundo zambiri zabwino ndi zofunikira pa nkhani yokhudza kudzipha kwadokotala, izi zikhoza kuthyoledwa mu mfundo zazikulu zinayi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka motsutsana ndi kuvomereza kapena kulandira malamulo.
Ndipo kwa kutsutsana kulikonse, pali kutsutsana kwotsutsana.
1. Kupititsa patsogolo Kupeza Mankhwala Osamalidwa ndi Kusamalira Odwala
Chotsutsana chimodzi chotsutsana ndi PAS ndicho-chifukwa chitsanzo cha chisamaliro cha mapeto a moyo chimapezeka kudzera m'zipatala zachipatala ndi zochepetsera-sikuyenera kukhala chifukwa chomwe wina angafunefune PAS. Malingaliro awa, cholinga sichiyenera kukhala chovomerezeka PAS, koma kuti pakhale chithandizo cha chithandizo cha odwala.
Pali magulu oposa 4,000 ogwira ntchito ku chipatala ku United States, koma chifukwa cha malire ndi ndalama za Medicare Hospice Benefit zomwe zimafuna kuti odwala akhale ndi moyo wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena osachepera, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ku United States alibe mwayi iwo.
Mtsutso wotsutsa: Ngakhale pokhala ndi mwayi wopeza chisamaliro chakumapeto kwa moyo, sipadzakhalanso zochitika zosawerengeka za kuzunzika kosalekeza ndi kosavuta. Chiwerengero chaposachedwapa chomwe tachokera ku Oregon (2014), pomwe PAS ili lovomerezeka, amasonyeza kuti 93 peresenti ya odwala omwe anasankha PAS anali pa hospice. Izi zikusonyeza kuti chisamaliro cholandirira ndi kulumikiza maulendo sichikwanira kupirira zowawa zambiri.
2. Kusiyana kwa Odwala Odziimira
Izi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi maganizo a Bouvia v. Supreme Court (CA) kuti "ufulu wakufa ndi gawo lalikulu la ufulu wathu wodzetsa zofuna zathu zokha ngati ufulu wa ena sukukhudzidwa." Izi zinali nkhani ya kudziletsa mosalekeza.
PASI sichitetezo chokhazikika; kumafuna kuthandizidwa ndi munthu wina.
Mtsutsano wotsutsana ndi PAS ndikuti PAS imaopseza anthu athu mwa kutsika mtengo wa moyo waumunthu. Sosaite ili ndi udindo wosunga chiyero cha moyo, choncho kusankha kwa PAS kuyenera kuwonongedwa kwa ubwino wonse.
Mtsutso wotsutsa: Madokotala amene akuyandikira ndi pempho lothandizira kuthetsa moyo wa wodwalayo ali ndi ufulu wokana chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo. Ufulu wawo, chotero, sungakhudzidwe malinga ndi chisankho cha Bouvia .
3. "Slippery Slope" ku Ziphuphu Zamtundu
Otsutsana ndi PAS akudandaula kuti ngati athandizidwa kudzipha amaloledwa, euthanasia sichidzatha.
Lingaliro limeneli limagwirizana kuti ndilokutsetsereka kwa "chifundo chakupha," popanda chilolezo, cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda aumaganizo, matenda okhudzidwa, okalamba, osamalidwa, osakhala pakhomo, ndi wina aliyense akuwona "zopanda phindu."
Mtsutso wotsutsana: Anthu athu otukuka sangayembekezere kuti "malo otsetsereka" awa achitike. Zitsanzo zatchulidwa ndi Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, ndi Joseph Mengele, omwe adagonjetsedwa poyesa "kuyeretsa" jini la Germany.
4. Kuphulika kwa Hippocratic Oath
Hippocratic Oath inanena kuti udindo wa dokotala ndi wofunika kwambiri , "choyamba, musamavulaze ." KUSAKHALA mwachindunji kutsutsana ndi lumbiro limenelo, ngati kupha mwadala mwa wodwalayo kumaonedwa ngati chovulaza.
Kusiyanirana : Hippocratic Oath iyenera kumasuliridwa ndi kusinthidwa ngati zofunika malinga ndi zosowa za wodwala.
5. Njira zina zopanda PAS
Otsutsana ndi PAS amanena kuti pali njira zowonjezera zamakhalidwe ndi zamakhalidwe kuti zithandize imfa. Odwala angakane njira zina zamankhwala zomwe zingapitirize kufa, kuphatikizapo mankhwala.
Kusiyanitsa: Odwala ena samadalira njira zothandizira moyo kuti zikhalebebe. Kusagwira ntchito zothandizira moyo kumangowonjezereka kwa odwalawa.
Chotsutsana china ndi chakuti odwala akhoza, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha, kusiya kusiya kudya ndi kumwa kuti afulumire imfa yawo. Imfa imachitika kawirikawiri patatha milungu itatu, ndipo nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "imfa yabwino."
Mtsutso wotsutsanako: Masabata amodzi kapena atatu omwe akuvutika kwambiri ndi ovuta kwambiri kuti aliyense apirire. (Phunzirani zambiri za zifukwa zomwe anthu amachitira kudzipha wodzipereka kuchipatala .)
Chidule cha Milandu Yaikulu Pothandizira ndi Kutsutsa PAS
Kusankha komalizira kwa dokotala uyu-kumathandiza mkangano wodzipha sikukuwonekeranso. Chifukwa cha pulogalamu yothandiza anthu pagululi, tikhoza kuwona kuti imakhala yeniyeni mdziko lathu. Lamulo kale ku United States ku Oregon ndi ngongole kuti zilolere izo zafotokozedwa kangapo m'maiko ena ambiri. PAS amalembedwanso m'maiko ena ambiri, monga Netherlands.
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe mungapeze ngati muli mu mpanda pazomwe mumakhulupirira, mukufuna kuphunzira zambiri za Imfa ndi Ulemu, kapena mukufuna kufufuza zina zomwe zikuthandizira kapena kutsutsana ndi kudzipha ndi dokotala wothandizira kufa .
> Zotsatira:
> Braverman, D., Marcus, B., Wakim, P., Mercurio, M., ndi G. Kopf. Malingaliro Otsata Zaumoyo About Death-Assisted Death: Kufufuza Zokhulupirika Zawo ndi Ntchito Zogwiritsira Ntchito Mawu ndi Kuleza Mtima kwa Odwala. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management . 2017 Jul 14. (Epub patsogolo pa kusindikiza).
> Zolinga za Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda. Care Hospice. Kusinthidwa 07/06/16.
> Emanuel, E., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B., Urwin, J., ndi J. Cohen. Maganizo ndi Zochita za Euthanasia ndi Dokotala-Anathandizira Kudzipha ku United States, Canada, ndi Europe. JAMA . 2016. 316 (1): 79-90.