Kodi xenotransplantation ingakhale yankho la kusowa kwa ziwalo za anthu?
Mu 1997, dokotala wa opaleshoni wa mtima wa ku India adadziŵika bwino atapatsa mtima wa nkhumba kukhala munthu. Wodwala anamwalira patatha sabata chifukwa cha zovuta kuchokera ku matenda. Komabe, chochitikacho chinabweretsanso kuganizira za malo ochepa omwe amawotchera , mmalo mwake kuchokera ku nyama kupita kwa anthu. M'maganizo, izi zimatchedwa xenotransplantation.
Malingana ndi tanthauzo la bungwe la World Health Organization, xenotransplantation imatanthawuza:
- Kusindikizidwa kwa maselo amoyo, tizirombo, kapena ziwalo za nyama zimachokera mwa anthu.
- Kuwedza kwa madzi amtundu waumunthu kapena maselo omwe ayanjana ndi maselo osakhala aumunthu kapena matenda.
Tangoganizirani chiyembekezo: tsogolo limene munthu sangakhale nalo vuto lalikulu. Kumene kuli okonzeka, ziwalo zowonjezera zowonjezera ziweto zimapezeka kuti zikhale ndi anthu omwe ali ndi impso kulephera , kuperewera kwa mtima, kulephera kwa chiwindi, etc. Zingatheke kukhala zopanda malire. Koma kodi tilipobe? Kodi n'zotheka? Nanga bwanji za nkhani za chikhalidwe?
Xenotransplantation mu Mbiri
Kupititsa patsogolo mawonekedwe aumunthu ndi ntchito zakhala zongopeka zomwe anthu akhala akuzichita kuyambira kale. Icarus ndi Daedalus amadziwa bwino kwambiri mapiko a mbalame pofuna kuyesa kuwoloka nyanja kuchokera ku Krete kufikira ku Greece.
Mulungu wotchuka wa Chihindu, Ganesha ali ndi mutu wa njovu womwe umasinthidwa pa mawonekedwe aumunthu. Zina mwa zizindikiro izi zidabwerera zaka zoposa 2000 Khristu asanayambe. Choncho, zingakhale zotetezeka kunena kuti anthu akhala akunjenjemera ndi lingaliro la xenotransplantation kwa zaka zoposa zinayi.
Zisanachitike zovuta za dokotala wa opaleshoni wa ku India wotchulidwa pamwambapa, pakhala pali malipoti a kupsyinjika kwa mtima wa chimpanzi-to-human, womwe unachitikira mu 1964 (kupulumuka kwa wodwalayo kunali kochepa kwambiri).
Nchifukwa Chiyani Tifunikira Zinyama Zopangira Zojambula Zathu?
Yankho lachidule ndi lachisoni ndi lakuti xenotransplantation ingakhale yankho la zolakwika pakati pa zofuna ndi zowonjezera. Monga mwa FDA, odwala khumi amafa tsiku ndi tsiku ku United States okha akudikira ziwalo zopulumutsa moyo.
Deta ya USRDS imanena kuti mndandanda wa odwala kuyembekezera kusintha kwa impso kuyambira pa December 31, 2013 unali ndi oposa 86,000 ofuna. Izi zikuposa maulendo anayi a chiwerengero cha impso zomwe zinachitidwa ku US chaka chomwecho (pafupi 17,600), chikumbutso chodabwitsa cha kusiyana kwa pakati pa anthu omwe amapereka ndalama komanso anthu omwe akudikira pazitsamba zolembera ziwalo .
Pambuyo pa zochitika zowononga moyo, matenda odwala matenda a shuga amatha kukhala osinthika chifukwa cha kuikidwa kwa maselo ndi ziphuphu kuchokera kwa anthu omwe sali anthu (kuganizira pancreatic transplantation mu shuga wodalira shuga).
Kodi Ndi Ziti Zingati Zingagwiritsidwe Ntchito Zosakaniza za Impso?
Mwachidziwitso, zingawoneke ngati abambo athu apamtima pazinthu zowonongeka- "sizinthu" zomwe zimakhala ngati chimpanzi-zikhoza kukhala zothandiza kwambiri ziwalo zoterezi. Komabe, nsombazi ndizosawerengeka ndipo kawirikawiri sizinaleredwe.
Osati nsomba ngati nkhumba, chifukwa chake, zimakonda chifukwa kupezeka mosavuta m'mawerengero opanda malire kumawapangitsa kukhala otsika mtengo. Impso, impso zomwe zimachokera ku nkhumba zili pafupi kwambiri ndi impso za umunthu.
Zopinga ndi Zowopsa
Xenotransplantation sichinafike pamlingo waukulu chifukwa cha zolepheretsa zina. Nazi zina mwa zomwe tikukumana nazo pokhudzana ndi kuika ziwalo kuchokera ku nyama kupita kwa anthu:
- Kuopsa kwa chitetezo chathu cha mthupi kumakana chiwalo chopangidwa chochokera kwa nyama.
- Kuopsa kofalitsa matenda (omwe amadziwika ndi osadziwika) kuchokera ku nyama kupita kwa munthu: Poyamba, izi zikuwoneka kuti ndizoopsa. Mwachizoloŵezi, kuti zambiri zomwe zimachokera ku ziwalo za anthu zikanakhala zinyama zotukulidwa muzomwe zikulamulidwa ndi zodzipatula zimapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu pa ngoziyi.
- Kusintha kwa thupi: Kusintha kwa mtima wa chimpanzi-to-human zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa mtima wa chimpomo pokhala wosakwanira kusamalira zofunikira za thupi la munthu kunatchulidwa ngati chifukwa chothetsera imfa ya wodwalayo .
- Nkhani zoyenera: Kodi tiyenera kutenga nyama kuti tipeze zathu? Zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la xenotransplantation ndizovuta. Imodzi mwa mafunso omwe anthu ambiri akukumana nawo omwe akuyang'aniridwa ndi madokotala masiku ano ndi onena za zomwe zingachitike ngati wodwala wodwalayo atulukira mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha xenotransplantation. Izi zidzakhala zofanana ndi maganizo okhudza kachilombo ka AIDS ndi "kulumpha" kwa anthu.
Xenotransplantation ndi Zoona
Tsopano akukhulupirira kwambiri kuti kuikidwa kwa ziwalo zomwe si anthu ku anthu ndi nkhani yeniyeni, osati ngati. Nkhani zokhudzana ndi kukanidwa kwa ziwalo zotere zingathe kuthandizidwa ndi kukhala ndi nyama zopereka kuti zikhale zamoyo kuti ziwononge majini a anthu. Ngati izi zikuyenda bwino, chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu sichitha kukana chiwalo cha nyama. Nkhani zokhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi zofunikira zimafunikanso kufufuza.
Choyamba "khwerero la mwana" kumayendedwe a xenotransplantation angakhale ngati gawo lachangu kwa odwala omwe ali ndi kachilombo kolephera, kumene angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mlatho ku mankhwala otsiriza. Chinthu chodziwika bwino chikhoza kukhala wodwalayo ali ndi vuto la chiwindi la fulminant yemwe alibe chiwindi cha munthu chomwe chimapezeka kuti chizifalikira ndipo akhoza kufa moyembekezera. Pachifukwa ichi, chiwindi chomwe sichinali munthu chingagule nthawi yodalirika imeneyi mpaka chiwindi cha munthu chipezeka. Ife timatcha ichi "chinachake chiri chabwino kuposa china" chithunzi!
> Zosowa
> Cooper D. Mbiri yakale ya kuikidwa kwa mitundu ya nyama. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2012 Jan; 25 (1): 49-57. PMCID: PMC3246856
> Mankhwala ndi Mitundu Yosakaniza. Dongosolo la World Health Organisation International Xenotransplantation Information. http://www.who.int/transplantation/xeno/en/
> US Food & Drug Administration. Xenotransplantation. https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Xenotransplantation/