Njira yotchedwa endoscopy ndi njira yachipatala yogwiritsira ntchito ziwalo zamkati mwa njira yopanda opaleshoni. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa njira zochepa zowonongeka chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuziwona ziwalo kusiyana ndi opaleshoni. Tisanayambe kupanga njira zatsopano, opaleshoni kawirikawiri inali yofunika kuti tipeze zotsatira zomwezo monga momwe ife tsopano timachokera ku endoscopy. Njirazi zikhoza kuchitidwa popanda aesthesia omwe nthawi zambiri amafunikira opaleshoni, choncho amanyamula ngozi zochepa.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mapepala osungirako zinthu, mapeto amatha kuikidwa pansi pakamwa, kupyola mu mphuno, kapena kupyolera khungu kakang'ono poyerekeza mkati mwa ziwalo, chifuwa, kapena mimba. Endoscope ndi chubu chosakanikirana ndi kamera yowonongeka. Kamera imabwezeretsanso chithunzi kuti thupi la mkati likhoze kuwonetsedwa pawunika.
Kumapeto kwake kumachitika pamene kuyang'ana kwa ziwalo zamkati n'kofunika kuti mudziwe, ndipo mapeto ake amalola kuti matendawa apangidwe popanda chiopsezo kusiyana ndi opaleshoni. Endoscopy ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pofuna kupeza ziwalo zamkati zothandizira.
Mavuto
Zovuta zowonjezera za endoscopy zimakhala ndi kutuluka kwa magazi, kubwetsa pakhomalo la khomo lolowera, ndi kuchitapo kanthu kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Anesthesia
Nthawi zambiri mankhwalawa amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala a IV. Odwala nthawi zambiri amakhala atagona, koma tulo timakhala tcheru, ndipo anthu ambiri amadzuka posakhalitsa ndondomeko yachitidwe. Mtundu uwu wa sedation nthawi zina umatchedwa "twilight sleep." Ndi njira zina, anesthesia wambiri angaperekedwe.
Kukonzekera
Kukonzekera kumapeto kwa nthawi kumakhala kosala kudya (osadya) kwa maola 6 mpaka 8 chisanakhale. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a coloni (colonoscopy), mankhwala ofewetsa mankhwala ofewetsa mankhwala ofewetsa mankhwalawa amathandizanso.
Mitundu ya Endoscopy
Pali mitundu yambiri ya njira zosungira mapuloteni, kuphatikizapo:
Zojambulajambula : Arthroscopy ndi njira yomwe kamangidwe kake kamapangidwira khungu ndipo chiwerengero chake chimalowetsedweramo.
Mankhwala a nyamakazi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti apeze ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mgwirizano, kuyambira pakupeza mitundu yambiri ya nyamakazi kuti akonze misonzi ya rotator. Ndondomekoyi siingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamagulu onse, ndipo tilibe njira yopanga opaleshoni yonse, monga opaleshoni yowonjezera, mwa njira iyi.
Bronchoscopy : Mu bronchoscopy, chubu imayikidwa kupyolera pakamwa ndipo imadutsamo kudzera mumatope mumatope amodzi (mapaipi akuluakulu m'mapapo). Bronchoscopy ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakuwonetsa mimba ndi kuchita zozizwitsa. Mwa kuwonjezera ultrasound, iyo ikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ku ziphuphu zamapapu zamkati zomwe ziri pafupi koma osati mkati mwa airways (endobronchial ultrasound). Angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa chithandizo, kusiya magazi kuchokera ku chotupa, kapena kuchepetsa mpweya ngati chotupa chikuyambitsa kuchepa.
Colonoscopy : Mwinamwake mumadziwika ndi colonoscopy kuwonetsetsa khansa ya coloni. Mu colonoscopy, chubu imayikidwa kupyolera mu rectum ndi kutsekedwa mmwamba mwa colon. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwanjira imeneyi kuti apeze khansa yamtundu kapena kuchotsa mapuloteni omwe angathe kukhala khansara. Motero, colonoscopies yachepetsa chiopsezo cha imfa ku khansa yamtundu uliwonse poyang'ana msanga, kupeza khansa pamene ali aang'ono komanso osabalalitsa, komanso kupyolera mwachangu, kuchotsa mapepala omwe angakhale odwala khansa.
Colposcopy : Colposcopy imayikidwa kupyolera m'mimba mwagwirizano kuti muwone bwino kachilombo ka HIV. Kawiri kaŵirikaŵiri amachitidwa chifukwa cha mapepala osapitirira a Pap kuti ayang'ane umboni wa chiberekero cha dzira kapena khansara ya pachibelekero.
Cystoscopy : Cystoscopy imalola dokotala kulingalira mkati mwa chikhodzodzo chanu kuti azindikire mikhalidwe kuyambira pakati pa cystitis mpaka khansa ya chikhodzodzo. Mwa njirayi, phukusi laling'onoting'ono limalowetsedwa kupyolera mu urethra (chubu imachoka ku chikhodzodzo kupita kunja kwa thupi) ndi mu chikhodzodzo. Chidacho chiri ndi chida chapadera pamapeto omwe amalola madotolo kutenga chithunzithunzi cha malo omwe akukayikira.
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): Mu ERCP, chubu imayikidwa pansi kupyola pakamwa ndi mmimba komanso m'kati mwa bile ndi pancreatic yomwe imalowetsa m'matumbo aang'ono kuchokera pachiwindi ndi mphukira. Njirayi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ndondomeko zomwe zimakhala m'matopewa, komanso kuganizira momwe mazira amachitira.
EGD (esophogealgastroduodenoscopy): Mu EGD, dokotala amalowetsa chubu pang'onopang'ono ndi kupyola sequentially kudzera m'mimba, m'mimba, ndi mu duodenum (gawo loyamba la matumbo aang'ono). EGD yakhala yogwira mtima kwambiri pozindikira zinthu zomwe poyamba zinali zovuta kuzipeza, kuphatikizapo mavuto omwe ali ndi vuto la Barrett, zilonda m'mimba ndi duodenum, kutupa, khansa, matenda a reflux, komanso matenda a leliac.
Laparoscopy : Mu laparoscopy, timagulu ting'onoting'ono timapangidwira mimba ndi pamimba zomwe zimalola kuti pakhale phokosolo (malo am'mimba). Zitha kuchitidwa kawiri kawiri kafukufuku komanso monga njira yothandizira chirichonse kuchokera kuchipatala kuchotsa zoonjezera.
Laryngoscopy: A laryngoscopy ndi njira yomwe chubu imayikidwa kudzera pakamwa kuti tiwone ngati larynx (liwu la mawu). Njira iyi ingathe kuzindikira zovuta zomwe zili mu bokosi la mawu kuyambira pa mapepala mpaka ku khansa yosalala.
Mediastinoscopy : A mediastinoscopy ndi ndondomeko yomwe chiwerengero chimayikidwa kudzera mu khoma la chifuwa pakati pa mapapo (mediastinum). Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti zizindikire zizindikiro monga malimphomas ndi sarcoidosis, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati gawo la khansa ya m'mapapo, kuyang'ana mitsempha yam'kati m'magazi omwe khansa ingafalikire.
Proctoscopy: A proctoscopy ndi malo omwe angapangidwe kupyolera mu anus kuti azindikire rectum (yotsiriza 6 mpaka 8 mu khola kapena matumbo akulu ). Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti ayambe kutuluka magazi.
Thoracoscopy: Thoracoscopy ndiyo njira yomwe mumapangidwira pakhoma lachifuwa pofuna kupeza mapapo. Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapapu a mapapu, njirayi tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa khansa yamapapo. Njirayi imatchedwa VATS kapena opaleshoni ya opaleshoni ya thoracoscopic. Mchitidwe wa VATS ukhoza kuchitidwa nthawi yocheperapo ndi zochepa zochepa za zotsatira za opaleshoni. Sikuti opaleshoni onse opaleshoni amaphunzitsidwa njirayi, ndipo sikuti khansa yonse yamapapo imatha kufika mwa njira iyi.
Zotsatira:
American Society of Clinical Oncology. Cancer.Net. Kusinthidwa 02 / 2-16. http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/tests-and-procedures/types-endoscopy