Chaka chilichonse, malo opita ku matenda ndi matenda (CDC) amachititsa kuti anthu azifa ku United States , chifukwa cha matenda komanso zochitika zina mwadala kapena mwadala. Chifukwa chachikulu, zifukwazi zakhala zochepa pang'ono pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zomwe zili ndizolembedwa kuchokera ku zilembo zakufa zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi madokotala, otsogolera maliro, oyang'anira maliro, ndi oyeza zachipatala.
Komabe, maphunziro a 2016 ochokera ku yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins adayika paradigm m'makutu ake poyesa kuti ma CDC amangokhala ndi zolephera koma ali ndi zofooka kwambiri kuti athe kuzindikira kapena kuzindikira momwe ntchito yachinyengo ikuyendera pakupha imfa.
Poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha imfa, chiwerengero cha imfa ndi odwala chipatala, ofufuzawo anatha kuona kuti pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya imfa zonse ku US zinali zotsatilapo chifukwa cha mankhwala.
Ngati cholondola, izo zikhoza kuika zolakwika zachipatala monga chifukwa chachitatu cha imfa ku US, kuwonjezera kukwapula, ngozi, Alzheimers, kapena matenda a mapapo.
Phunziro Limapereka Kutayika Momwe Momwe Imfa Imayendera
Polemba maphunziro awo, gulu la Johns Hopkins linanena kuti njira zachikhalidwe zosonkhanitsira ziwerengero za imfa zimadalira njira yolembera yomwe poyamba idapangidwira inshuwalansi ndi kulipira mankhwala, osati kufufuza za matenda.
Lamuloli, lotchedwa International Classification of Diseases (ICD) , linalandiridwa ndi US mu 1949 ndipo likugwirizanitsidwa ndi World Health Organization (WHO) ku Geneva. Machitidwe a ICD adapangidwa kuti apange mapepala amtundu wathanzi kuti adziŵe malamulo omwe amatsatira, pambuyo pake, zolembera zina zowonjezera zikhoza kupereka zidziwitso ku zizindikiro, zifukwa, zochitika, ndi zina zosayembekezereka.
Ngakhale kuti US (monga Canada ndi Australia) yakhazikitsa ndondomeko ya ICD , dongosololi limakhalabe mofanana ndi lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kufufuza kwa matenda a mdziko lonse. Ndizizindikiro zomwe madokotala angagwiritse ntchito pofotokozera zomwe zimayambitsa imfa, zomwe CDC idzazitsatira pa lipoti lake lapachaka.
Malingana ndi zigawo za ICD, CDC imanena kuti 10 zomwe zimayambitsa imfa mu 2014 zinali:
- Matenda a mtima: 614,348
- Khansara: 591,699
- Matenda opatsirana otsika apakati: 147,101
- Ngozi (kuvulala mwadzidzidzi) : 136,053
- Mliri wa matendawa: 133,103
- Matenda a Alzheimer : 93,541
- Matenda a shuga: 76,488
- Imfine ndi chibayo: 55,227
- Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, ndi nephrosis (matenda a impso): 48,146
- Kudzivulaza mwachangu (kudzipha): 42,773
Akatswiri ofufuza amati, zolakwikazo ndi kuti ma ICD omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitifiketi zakufa amalephera kufotokoza zolakwika zachipatala monga chifukwa chosiyana ndi / kapena chapadera. Izi zidali chifukwa chakuti ICD inavomerezedwa panthaŵi yomwe zolakwitsa kapena zachipatala zinali zosazindikirika m'magulu azachipatala ndipo, motero, mwadzidzidzi sanapatsidwe kupoti kwa dziko.
Chowona kuti dongosolo silinasinthe-ndipo likupitiriza kuika zikhodi zowonjezera kafukufuku wamakono-zimapangitsa kuti tisamangodziwa chabe koma kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa chifukwa cha zolakwika zachipatala.
Maphunziro a Ophunzira Omwe Akufa Odwala
Imfa imene imabwera chifukwa cha zolakwika zachipatala si nkhani yatsopano, yokha yomwe ndi yovuta kufikitsa. Mu 1999, lipoti lochokera ku Institute of Medicine (IOM) linayambitsa mkangano pamene zinaona kuti vuto lachipatala linali ndi pakati pa 44,000 ndi 98,000 ku US chaka chilichonse.
Kafukufuku wambiri wakhala akusonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha IOM chinali chochepa ndipo chiwerengero chenichenicho chinafika pakati pa 130,000 ndi 575,000 odabwitsa. Ziwerengerozi zakhala zikutsutsidwa kwambiri monga mwina kukhala zazikulu kwambiri mukutanthauzira kwa "zolakwika zachipatala" kapena zochepa kwambiri.
Poyankha, akatswiri a Johns Hopkins anasankha kutenga njira ina pofotokozera "zolakwika zachipatala" monga chimodzi kapena zingapo zotsatirazi:
- Chizoloŵezi chosayembekezeka (mwina chifukwa cha kusamvera kapena kuchita)
- Chinthu chomwe sichikwaniritsa cholinga chake
- Kulephera kwachitidwe chokonzekera (cholakwika cha kuphedwa)
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yolakwika kukwaniritsa zotsatira (cholakwika cha kukonza)
- Kusokonekera kuntchito yosamalidwa yomwe ingayambe kapena yosapweteka
Malingana ndi tanthawuzo limeneli, ochita kafukufuku adatha kudzipatula pakati pa chaka cha 2000 ndi 2008 kuchokera ku chigawo cha US Department of Health and Human Services. Chiwerengerochi chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chiwerengero cha imfa cha wodwalayo chiwerengedwe, chiŵerengero cha zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku chipatala chonse cha US chipatala mu 2013.
Malingana ndi chiwerengero chimenecho, ochita kafukufuku adatha kunena kuti anthu 35,416,020 omwe adalandira chipatala chaka cha 2013, anafa 251,141 chifukwa cha zolakwa zachipatala.
Imeneyi ndi yoposa 100,000 kuposa matenda ochepa opatsirana (omwe amachititsa kuti munthu afe) komanso pafupifupi kawiri mlingo wa ngozi (# 4) kapena stroke (# 5).
Kuphunzira Kumalimbikitsa Kusamvana pakati pa Amalonda a Zaumoyo
Ngakhale kuti ofufuza adafulumira kunena kuti zolakwika zachipatala sizingapeweke kapena kusonyeza kuti akutsatira malamulo, amakhulupirira kuti amafuna kufufuza kwakukulu ngati kungoganizira za mavuto omwe amachititsa imfa. Izi zimaphatikizapo chisamaliro chosamalidwa pakati pa ogwira ntchito zachipatala, mabungwe a inshuwalansi osiyana, kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chitetezo ndi ndondomeko, komanso kusowa kwachindunji pa zosiyana siyana pazochitika zachipatala.
Ambiri mwachipatala sakufulumira kuvomereza. Nthawi zina, tanthauzo lenileni la "kulakwitsa kwachipatala" lasokoneza mkangano chifukwa sutha kusiyanitsa pakati pa kulakwitsa ndi chigamulo chosayembekezeka. Izi zimakhala zowona makamaka pankhani ya zovuta za opaleshoni kapena zochitika zomwe zimachitika kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda otsiriza. Mulimonsemo palibe vuto lingaliro lachipatala lomwe limayesedwa kuti ndilo chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa, ambiri amakangana.
Ena, komabe, amakhulupirira kuti zolakwika zomwezo mu lipoti la IOM zimatsutsana ndi phunziro la Hopkins, momwe kulemera kwake kumayikidwa kwambiri kwa dokotala m'malo mochita zosankha za moyo zomwe zimangowonjezera chiopsezo cha imfa (kuphatikizapo kusuta, kudya mopitirira muyeso, kumwa mowa kwambiri, kapena kukhala ndi moyo wongokhala).
Komabe, ngakhale kuti amakangana pankhani ya lipoti la Hopkins, ambiri amavomereza kuti pakufunika kusintha kuti afotokoze bwino ndi kugawa zolakwika zachipatala malinga ndi momwe dzikoli likuyendera. Mwa kuzindikiritsa zofooka izi, akukhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha anthu amene amamwalira chifukwa cha kulakwitsa kwa mankhwala akhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri pakati pa ochita ntchito komanso pazitsulo.
> Zotsatira:
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). " Health, United States, 2015 : Table 19." 2015; Atlanta, Georgia; Buku la Library of Congress 76-641496; 107-110.
> Makary, M. ndi Daniel, M. "Kuchokera kuchipatala-chifukwa chachitatu chimene chimayambitsa imfa ku US." British Medical Journal. May 3, 2016; 353: i2139.
> Landrigan, C ;; Parry, G ;; Miyala, C; et al. "Zochitika zapakati pa chiwerengero cha mavuto odwala chifukwa cha chithandizo chamankhwala." New England Journal of Medicine. 2010; 363: 2124-2134.