Mphamvu Yamphamvu M'dziko la Autism
Andrew Wakefield ndi mmodzi mwa anthu omwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi dziko la autism. Kafukufuku wake pa funso lakuti katemera wam'madzi-Rubeni-Rubella (MMR) angakhale chifukwa cha mliri wa autism wadutsa mpikisano waukulu m'mabungwe a autism. Ngakhale kuti pepala lake lofufuzira lothandiza pa nkhaniyi lachotsedwa ndi nyuzipepala ya zamankhwala ya British The Lancet, Wakefield ndi ziphunzitso zake zimakhalabe zamphamvu mu dziko la autism.
Dr. Wakefield ndi gastroenterologist wophunzira ndi dokotala wa opaleshoni yemwe ali ndi chidwi chapadera ndi matenda opweteka. Atabadwira ku Britain mu 1957, anaphunzira ku Canada ndipo anakhala dokotala ku Royal Free Hospital ku London.
Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, Wakefield anapindula kwambiri ndi zamankhwala atapeza kuti chifukwa cha matenda a Crohn, matenda aakulu a m'mimba, anali kuchepa kwa magazi m'matumbo. Zitangotha izi, Wakefield anayamba kukumba mu funso la ngati chikuyimira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku Matope-Masamba-Rubella katemera omwe amachititsa kuti magazi asatulukire komanso kuti awononge Crohn's. Ngakhale yankho la funsoli linali "ayi," kuthekera kwa kachilombo ka HIV kumakhala chifukwa cha nkhani za GI zinapitirizabe kumukhudzidwa.
Mu 1995, Wakefield anafikiridwa ndi gulu la makolo omwe anamuuza kuti ana awo akhala autistic potsatira katemera wa MMR.
Anamupempha kuti ayang'anire kugwirizana, ndipo anali wokonzeka kuchita zimenezo. Malingaliro ake: ngati katemera wa chikumira unayambitsa kutupa m'mimba, ana akhoza kukhala ndi "leaky gut syndrome," zomwe zingathandize kuti mapuloteni owopsa apite ku ubongo. Ngati izi zidachitika, adawunikira kuti autism ya ana iyenera kuyambitsidwa ndi katemera wa MMR.
Mu 1998, Wakefield ndi gulu la anzake adasanthula kafukufuku yemwe amaphatikizapo zizindikiro zowononga m'mimba mwa ana 12 autistic ku katemera wa Mumps-Measles-Rubella. Phunzirolo, lofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala yotchuka ya zamankhwala ku British The Lancet, linayambitsa kayendedwe kake ka katemera ku UK, United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mtolankhani Brian Deer wa ku London Times adafufuza kafukufuku wa Wakefield ndipo adapeza umboni wosatsutsana ndi zochitika za makhalidwe abwino. Deer atangomaliza kufotokozera zomwe adazipeza, khumi mwa olemba anzake a Wakefield 13 adasiya zomwe anaphunzirazo. Mu February 2010, Lancet inavomereza mwatsatanetsatane zofalitsa za nkhaniyi chifukwa chodandaula. Izi zinatsatira kafukufuku wautali wa UK General General Council.
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakono wa mmbuyo wa Wakefield wakanidwa ndipo sanagwiritsenso ntchito mobwerezabwereza, umakhalabe chitsimikizo cha kayendetsedwe kamene kamapitiriza kunena za katemera monga chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa matenda a autism. Mamilioni a madola akhala akulangizidwa kuti achenjeze makolo kuti mwina autism ikhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi katemera, ndi kukhazikitsa "katemera wobiriwira" ku US ndi UK.
Wakefield, yemwe panopo amachita ku Florida ndi Texas, akuyimira ntchito yake ndipo akutsindika kuti kufufuza kwake kunayendetsedwa bwino.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti, mwachithandizo chonse chotsutsa katemera ku autism, Wakefield mwiniwake sanena kuti chithandizo cha MMR chimayambitsa autism. Ndipotu, pa malo otchedwa "Thinking House" a Wakefield ku Texas, FAQ ikufunsa kuti: Kodi ochita kafukufuku wa Nyumba House adapeza chiyanjano pakati pa katemera wa MMR ndi autism? Yankho: Palibe kugwirizana kotereku kwakhazikitsidwa, koma kufufuza pa kugwirizana kotheka kulipo.
Zotsatira
BBC News. Mbiri: Dr Andrew Wakefield.
Amanda Gardner. Kutsutsana kwa Autism Study Kuchotsedwa ndi Medical Journal. HealthDay. Feb 2, 2010.
Paul Offit, MD. Aneneri onyenga a Autism: Bad Science, Medical Risky, ndi Search for Cure. Columbia University Press: New York C 2008.
Webusaiti Yoyenera ya Nyumba.