Mercury Poisoning yomwe Yadula Mzinda Wonse wa Chijapani
Anayamba ndi amphaka a tauni. Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1950, anthu a Minamata, Japan adayamba kuona kuti amphaka awo anali openga ndi kugwera m'nyanja. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti amphaka adzipha.
Posakhalitsa, matenda akudabwitsa akuwonekera akuzungulira mzinda. Anthu a Minamata adanenapo kuti amanjenje ndi miyendo. Ena anali ovuta kumva kapena kuwona.
Ena anayamba kugwedezeka (kumanjenjemera) m'manja ndi miyendo yawo, kuvutika kuyenda, ngakhale kuwonongeka kwa ubongo. Ndipo, monga amphaka, anthu ena amawoneka akupenga, akufuula mosalekeza. Chinachake chinali kukhudza dongosolo lawo la mitsempha .
Pomaliza, mu July 1959, ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Kumamoto adapeza chomwe chimayambitsa matenda - kutentha kwakukulu kwa mercury - omwe amatcha matenda a Minamata. Koma kodi anthu onsewa (ndi amphaka) adakhala poizoni bwanji?
Masautso a Minamata
Minamata ndi tauni yaing'ono yopha nsomba pamphepete mwa Nyanja ya Shiranui. Chifukwa cha malo ake, anthu ammudzi amadya nsomba zambiri. Zakudya za nsomba za anthu ndi amphaka a Minamata zikuoneka kuti ndizozimene zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa zizindikirozo, zomwe zimapangitsa asayansi kukayikira kuti nsomba za Minamata Bay zili poizoni.
Chomera chachikulu cha petrochemical ku Minamata, chothamangitsidwa ndi Chisso Corporation, chinakayikiridwa mwamsanga.
Chisso anakana zifukwazo ndipo anapitirizabe kupanga zinthu popanda kusintha njira yake yopangira. Chisso anapitiriza kukana kulowerera kwake kapena kuti mankhwala ake a mercury anali kuyambitsa matenda alionse. (Patapita nthawi anapeza kuti Chisso Corporation yataya matani 27 a mercury mu Minamata Bay.)
Pamene kuwonongeka kwa mercury kunapitiliza, poizoni amayi adabereka ana omwe ali ndi poizoni. Ana awa anabadwa ali ndi zilema zoyipa kuphatikizapo miyendo yambirimbiri, kuchepa kwa maganizo, kusamva, ndi khungu.
Asodzi a Minamata anayamba kutsutsa Chisso Corporation mu 1959. Iwo adalamula kuti Chisso asiye kutaya zinyalala ndi kuwapatsa malipiro awo. Chisso, nayenso, anayesa kuchita nawo zinthu ndi anthu omwe amachititsa poizoni wa mercury pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zalamulo zomwe zikanati zidzalipire munthu aliyense chifukwa cha matenda awo koma sangavomereze mlandu uliwonse wamtsogolo kapena wam'tsogolo. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti uwu ndiwo mwayi wawo wokha kulandira malipiro, ndikusindikiza mapepalawo.
Kuchokera ku Poizata Poizoni
Chisso anasiya kuwononga madzi a Minimata mu 1968. Malinga ndi boma la Japan, anthu 2,955 anadwala matenda a Minamata ndipo anthu 1,784 anamwalira. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti, zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza matenda a Minamata ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo aliyense amene akuwonetsa kuti ali ndi vuto linalake, ayenera kuonedwa ngati wozunzidwa. Mpaka pano, Chisso alipira ndalama zoposa anthu 10,000 ndipo akupitiriza kuchita nawo suti pankhaniyi.
Mu October 1982, adayi 40 adatsutsa boma la Japan, kuti adalepheretsa Chisso kuti awononge chilengedwe ndipo adayang'ana njira ina pamene Chisso anaphwanya malamulo owononga chilengedwe.
Mu April 2001, Khoti Lalikulu la Osaka linatsimikiza kuti Boma la Health and Welfare Ministry liyenera kuti liyamba kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuthetsa poizoni kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1959, atafufuza kuti matenda a Minamata amayamba chifukwa cha poizoni wa mercury. Khotilo linapanganso Chisso kulipira madola 2.18 miliyoni kwa madandaulo.
Pa October 16, 2004, Khoti Lalikulu la ku Japan linalamula kuti boma lilipire ndalama zokwana madola 70,5,000 ($ 703,000) chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa matenda a Minamata. Pulezidenti wazeng'oma anawerama ndikupempha chipongwe kwa omwewo. Pambuyo pa zaka 22, oimilirawo adakwaniritsa cholinga chawo chowongolera kuti anthu omwe amachititsa kuti dziko la Japan liwonongeke kwambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo.
Mu 2010, Chisso adalamulidwa kulipira yen milioni 2.1 ndi malipiro a mwezi uliwonse kwa anthu omwe poyamba sanatsimikizidwe ndi boma ngati ali ndi vutoli. Anthu oposa 50,000 adapempha thandizoli, akuwonetsa momwe, patatha zaka zoposa makumi asanu zotsatira, zotsatira za tsokali zidakalipobe.
> Zotsatira:
American University, The School of International Service. Minamata tsoka.
Kyodo News. Odwala matenda a Minamata osadziwika kuti azitsutsa boma. Japan Lero, October 17, 2004.
Mizoguchi, K. Malamulo a khoti amawonongera ndalama zoperekedwa kwa anthu ophedwa ndi poizoni ku Japan. The Boston Globe, pa 16 October, 2004.
Olson, DA (2002). Mercury. eMedicine.
Tanaka, F. Kusayeruzika momveka bwino mu Minamata. Daily Yomiuri.
The Japan Times. Pangano la Mercury likuchepa pa Minamata (2012)