Mu Vivo vs In Vitro - Tanthauzo, Zofanana ndi Zosiyana
Ngati mwakhala mukuwerenga maphunziro a zachipatala, mwinamwake mwawona kuti ena ali "vivo" ndipo ena ali "in vitro." Kodi matanthauzo ndi kusiyana kwa mawuwa ndi chiyani, ndipo ndi chifukwa chiyani ali ofunikira kumvetsetsa zachipatala?
Mwachidule
Tanthauzo: Mu Vivo
Mawu mu vivo akunena za mayeso a zamankhwala, kuyesera kapena ndondomeko zomwe zimachitidwa (kapena) ndi zamoyo zamoyo, monga nyama ya laboratory kapena munthu.
Tanthauzo: Mu Vitro
Mawu mu vitro, mosiyana ndi mu vivo, amatanthauza maphunziro a zachipatala kapena kuyesedwa komwe kumachitika mu labotale mkati mwazitsulo zoyesera kapena ma laboratory.
Zofanana
Mayesero azachipatala kapena maphunziro a zachipatala akhoza kuchitidwa mu vivo kapena mu vitro. Njira izi ndizofanana kuti zonsezi zachitidwa kuti tipite patsogolo pa chidziwitso ndi chithandizo cha matenda ndi matenda komanso kumvetsetsa "ubwino" komanso ntchito zabwino za thupi
Kusiyana
Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa ma vivo ndi mavitro a vitro, ndipo onsewa ndi ofunika kumvetsa thupi la munthu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa momwe maphunzirowa akuchitidwira, momwe angatanthauziridwe, ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zofufuza zomwe zilipo zopangidwa.
Maphunziro a Zamankhwala a Vitro
Maphunziro a zachipatala (monga kuyang'ana kukhoza kwa mankhwala kuchiza khansa) nthawi zambiri Choyamba ankachitidwa mu vitro-kaya muipi ya test kapena labotori mbale.
Chitsanzo chingakhale kukula kwa maselo a khansa mu kudya kunja kwa thupi. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pogwiritsira ntchito ma mediums osiyanasiyana omwe amalola ochita kafukufuku kukula ziwalo izi popanda thupi.
Kafukufuku amachitikira mu vitro poyamba pa zifukwa zomveka. Maphunziro a mavitamini amalola kuti zinthu ziphunzire mosamala, monga anthu kapena zinyama sizikhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa kapena poizoni wa mankhwala atsopano.
Izi zimathandiza ochita kafukufuku kuphunzira zambiri momwe angathere ndi mankhwala asanawonetsere anthu ku zotsatirazi. Ngati mankhwala a chemotherapy , samagwira ntchito pa maselo a khansa omwe amadya kudya, zingakhale zopanda chilungamo kuti anthu agwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa ndi kuika poizoni poizoni.
Maphunziro a mu vitro ndi ofunika kwambiri poti amalola chithandizo chofulumira mofulumira-mankhwala ambiri angaphunzitsidwe nthawi imodzi (ndipo akhoza kuphunziridwa mu ziwerengero zambiri za maselo) ndipo okhawo amene amawoneka kuti ndi othandiza amapitirira maphunziro aumunthu.
Kusowa kwa biokinetics, mu lingaliro lachipatala, ndi chimodzi cha zovuta zazikulu za maphunziro a vitro. Kuperewera kwa biokinetics komanso zinthu zina zovuta kungachititse kuti zikhale zovuta kufotokozera zotsatira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwalawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu vivo.
Mu Vivo Clinical Trials
Mosiyana ndi maphunziro a mu vitro, ma phunziro a vivo amafunikira kuona momwe thupi lonse lidzayankhire pa chinthu china. Nthaŵi zina maphunziro a vitro a mankhwala angakhale otsimikizirika, koma potsatira maphunziro a vivo amalephera kusonyeza mphamvu iliyonse (kapena, kupeza, mankhwala osakhala otetezeka) akagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa njira zamagetsi zomwe zikuchitika mosalekeza mu thupi.
Chitsanzo cha momwe maphunziro a vivo amafunikila kuti aone ngati mankhwalawa akugwiritsidwa ntchito polemekeza mankhwala m'thupi. Mankhwala atsopano angawonekere kuti azigwira ntchito mu mbale, koma osati mu thupi laumunthu. Zitha kukhala kuti mankhwalawa sagwedezeka pamene akudutsa mmimba, kotero iwo alibe zotsatirapo pa anthu. Nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo ngati mankhwala amaperekedwa mwachisawawa, zikhoza kukhala kuti mankhwala amathyoledwa ndi thupi kupyolera muyeso yambiri yomwe imachitika mosalekeza, choncho, mankhwalawa sangagwire bwino ntchito ngati anthu.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti nthawi zambiri maphunziro a vivo amayamba kuchitidwa kwa anthu osakhala nyama monga mbewa.
Maphunzirowa amalola ochita kafukufuku kukhala ndi mwayi wowona mmene mankhwala amagwira ntchito pakati pa zinthu zina. Komabe mbewa ndi anthu ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Nthaŵi zina mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito mu mbewa sangakhale ogwira ntchito mwa anthu (ndipo mosemphana ndi zina) chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mitundu ya zamoyo.
Zofufuza mu Literature
Mukayang'ana kafukufuku wopita kukayezetsa mankhwala a khansa-kapena mankhwala ena-kufufuza kuti muwone mtundu uti wa maphunziro (mu vivo vs in vitro) ndi sitepe yoyamba yofunikira. Maphunziro a mu vitro ndi ofunikira kwambiri ndipo amaika maziko oti apitirize kufufuzira, koma zambiri mwa maphunzirowa zimalengeza zotsatira zomwe ziri zosangalatsa-koma sizikukhudzani inu nokha kwa nthawi ndithu. Mosiyana, maphunziro a vivi akuyang'ana zotsatira zenizeni pa zamoyo - kaya nyama ya ma laboratory kapena munthu. Zingakhale nthawi yina-ngati phunziro ndi phunziro la nyama-mpaka mankhwala kapena ndondomeko ikuyesedwa mwa anthu, koma ndi sitepe yowonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamoyo weniweni.
Zitsanzo: Mankhwala atsopano a khansa ya khansa amayamba kuphunzira mu vitro musanaphunzire mu vivo m'mayesero okhudza anthu.
> Zotsatira:
> FDA. Maphunziro a Kuyanjanitsa Mankhwala: Zojambula Zophunzira, Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito, Zomwe Zimakhudza Zotsatira Zosankha. February 2012. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm292362.pdf
> Killkenny, C. et al. Kafukufuku wa zinyama: Kufotokozera mu experiments: Zotsatira zopezeka. British Journal of Pharmacology . 2010. 160 (7): 1577-179.
> Saeidnia, S., Manayi, A., ndi M. Abdollahi. Kuchokera ku In Vitro Experiments and Clinical Studies; Zochita ndi Zochita. Zamakono Zamakono Opanga Zamalonda . 2015. 12 (4): 218-24.