Matenda Odzipatula 101
Chitetezo chanu cha thupi chimateteza thupi lanu ku majeremusi achilendo ndi zina. Kupyolera mu njira zowopsya, ndi zosinthika, chitetezo cha mthupi chimakuzindikiritsani ndikukutetezani-ngakhale momwe chimazindikiritsira ndi kuwononga, siyani.
Pochita ntchito yake, chitetezo cha mthupi chiyenera kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa chinthu china chachilendo kapena molecule, chotchedwa antigen , ndi maselo ndi minofu ya thupi lanu, yotchedwa anti-antigens.
Nthaŵi zonse kuntchito, chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chimapangitsa moyo wanu kufufuza, sampuli, kukumbukira, ndi kuwononga ma antigen omwe amadzionetsera kuti akuwononga.
T T- ndi B-Maselo
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo oyera m'magazi omwe amateteza thupi lanu ku matenda kapena matenda. Ngati mukudwala, dokotala wanu angaganize kuti ali ndi kachilombo, ndipo perekani gulu la magazi kuti muwone ngati thupi lanu lapanga chitetezo cha mthupi, kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha maselo oyera a magazi omwe akuzungulira thupi lanu lonse.
Zina mwa mitundu yoyera ya maselo oyera ndi lymphocytes. Mitundu iwiri ya ma lymphocytes ndi T-maselo ndi B-maselo . Ngakhale kuti onsewa ali ndi lymphocyte-ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
T-maselo amadziwika kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena majeremusi, akukwera pamwamba pa maselo anu. Ngati selo liri ndi kachilomboka, limapanga mankhwala omwe amachitidwa pamwamba pake ndi majini omwe amachititsa kuti MHC ikhale yaikulu . Katemera akadzafika pamwamba, kudutsa T-maselo amachenjezedwa kuti alipo antigen.
T-selo iliyonse imakhala ndi ma molekyulu ambirimbiri omwe amapezeka pamwamba, otchedwa T-cell receptor, omwe amagwira ntchito kuti azindikire ndi kuika selo wodwala.
Mothandizidwa ndi T-maselo, ma B-maselo amachititsa kupanga ma antibodies omwe amamanga antigen ndikuwunika kuti awonongeke ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.
Mitundu iwiri ya maselo oyera amagazi ndi macrophages ndi neutrophils .
Macrophages ndi Neutrophils
Magwiritsidwe ndi majeremusi ndi tizilombo tizilombo timalowa m'thupi m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pamene iwo atero, iwo amakumana ndi odyera ena aakulu, kwenikweni. Macrophages amazungulira, amadya, ndi kudya antigen ndi zowonongeka zam'manja zomwe sizikhala ndi zizindikiro (ndi mapuloteni) a maselo abwino. Macrophages amazungulira m'magazi amagazi ndi thupi. Maselo oyera amagazi ena amagazi ndi ma neutrophils, omwe amazungulira m'magazi, koma osati m'matenda onse, amachita ntchito yofanana.
Njira imodzi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi macrophages ndi neutrophils ndiyo kusungunuka kwa mamolekyu oopsa kuti awononge kapena kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amatchulidwa kuti oxygen, yomwe imakhala yotetezeka kwambiri , imakhala yowopsa kwa minofu yowzungulira ngati zambiri zimapangidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.
Matenda amodzi omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo ta Wegener a granulomatosis ndi ovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi macrophages. Mitsempha yowononga kuti ma antigen aziwononga mitsempha yathanzi m'malo mwake. Ndi nyamakazi ya nyamakazi, maselo oyera a magazi, ndi mamolekyu otetezeka, amasamukira kumalo, omwe amachititsa kutupa komwe kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa kutupa, kutentha, ndi mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi RA.
Mamolekesi a MHC ndi Co-stimulatory
Pamwamba, tinakambirana za ntchito za majini omwe amanyamula maselo a MHC pamwamba pa selo. Mamolekyu amenewa amapangidwa ndi selo ndi zidutswa za tizilombo, kapena antigen, zomwe zasokoneza selo.
Monga mbendera yofiira, mayankho a MHC amasonyeza maselo T kuti ayankhe. Kulankhulana kumachitika choyamba pamene selo yotsutsa antigen imasonyeza kupezeka kwa antigen, ndipo yachiwiri pamene chizindikiro chimatumizidwa kuchokera ku selo yodwala kupita ku cholumikizira chofanana pa T-cell. Mamolekyu pa selo ya kachilomboka, ndi T-cell yomwe imayankha yomwe imayambitsa matenda a chitetezo cha mthupi amatchedwa mamolekyu a co-stimulatory.
Kuitana kokongola ndi kuyankhidwa kwa mamolekyu othandizira, pokhala ogwira ntchito molondola, imathandizanso khungu lililonse kuti liwononge antigen. Kugwirizana kwa mamolekyuwa ndibwino kufufuza komwe mungaphunzire momwe mungayendetsere, kapena kukaniza, kuyanjana kwa chitetezo pamene maselo anu abwino omwe amatha kukhala ndi thanzi labwino ndi matendawa akulakwitsa chifukwa choukira ma antigen.
Cytokines ndi Chemokines
Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta othandizira, T-maselo amatha kutulutsa mankhwala otchedwa cytokines ndi chemokines. Mmodzi wa mankhwalawa ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana za thupi.
Ma cytokini ndi mapuloteni oteteza thupi omwe amatha kuyitana maselo a chitetezo cha m'magulu kuti agwire ntchito, komanso amachititsa maselo osakhala ndi thupi omwe ali pafupi. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha izi ndi kuphulika kwa khungu komwe kumachitika ndi autoimmune disorder scleroderma.
Mtundu wa cytokine, chemokines umakopeka ndi maselo ena a chitetezo cha m'thupi, nthaŵi zambiri kubweretsa kutukumula pambuyo povulazidwa, kapena ndi matenda. Komabe zambiri za chinthu chabwino ndizowononga. Mwachitsanzo, ma chemokines mu RA, amachititsa ululu ndi kuwonongeka m'magulu monga macrophages ndi neutrophils amayankha chizindikiro cholakwika.
Ma antibodies
Zopangidwa ndi maselo a B, ma antibodies amamanga ma antitigeni akunja ndikuthandizira kuwonongedwa kwawo. T-maselo amalumikizana ndi B-maselo kudzera mu cytokines. Pambuyo popatsidwa malangizo ndi T-cell, B-maselo amatha kupanga anti-antibody omwe akufunikira kuti adziwe ndi antigen, kapena invading, antigen.
Autoantibodies
Mavuto amachitika pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimapanga molakwika ma autoantibodies-enieni enieni omwe amadzimenyera okha. Vuto lodziwika bwino la matenda omwe amadzimadzimitsa yekha amatanthauza kuti chitetezo cha mthupi sichitha kudziletsa-maselo anu, matenda, ndi ziwalo-monga matupi achilendo.
Kwa iwo omwe amavutika ndi matenda omwe amadzipangitsa okha, myasthenia gravis, khalidwe lofooka la minofu la matendawa limayambitsidwa ndi autoantibodies zomwe zimayambitsa mitsempha yeniyeni yomwe imayambitsa minofu kuyenda.
Maofesi a Immune ndi Complement System
Ma antibodies opangidwa ndi B-maselo amamanga ma antigen. Izi zimatchedwa chitetezo cha mthupi . Pano kachiwiri-chinthu chabwino kwambiri ndi chovulaza thupi la munthu.
Thupi likamapanganso maselo a chitetezo komanso maofesi osiyanasiyana, kutentha kotereku kungachititse kuti magazi aziyenda mumitsuko mthupi lonse, kuwononga ziwalo ndi ziwalo. Kuwonongeka kwa impso ndiwowonjezera chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa chitetezo cha mthupi mwa iwo omwe amavutika ndi lupus.
Mwachidziwitso chitetezo cha mthupi, thupi limapanga mamolekyu apadera omwe amapanga dongosolo lothandizira . Njira yothandizirayi imatulutsa minofu, komanso malo omwe amachititsa kuti maselo asamapangidwe, kumathandiza kuti asungunuke komanso asamawonongeke. Izi zimathandiza kupeŵa kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo ndi ziwalo za anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena.
Kawirikawiri, munthu amabadwa ndi ma genetiki omwe amachititsa kuti thupi lake lisamayende bwino. Matendawa si matenda okhaokha, koma nthawi zambiri amatsanzira kuwonongeka kwa omwe amapezeka ndi lupus.
Genetic Factors
Monga tidayankhulira kale, machitidwe anu a chibadwa akhoza kukuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi matenda osokoneza bongo. Zamoyo zanu ndizo mawonekedwe a maselo anu a m'thupi, ndipo zimagwira ntchito. Zojambula zomwezo zimatengera T-cell receptors, mtundu wa ma molecule a MHC, ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza thupi lanu. Koma majeremusi okha samakonzekeretsani chitukuko chanu cha matenda omwe amadzipangira okha. Anthu ena okhala ndi MHC molecule mitundu sakhala ndi matenda omwe amadziwika nawo.
Zovuta, komanso zogwira ntchito, chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chimagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti chiteteze thanzi lanu. Ndi zophweka kuona momwe kutayirira pa gawo lirilonse lakumvera kwa chitetezo cha mthupi kungayambitse matenda osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti azivutika kwambiri.