Achipatala amachipatala angapangitse zotsatira zabwino zachipatala
Mu September 2016, zotsatira za kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu J AMA Internal Medicine zasonyeza kuti madokotala a maphunziro azimayi ku sukulu zachipatala 24 za ku United States anapanga pafupifupi 8 peresenti ndalama zocheperapo kusiyana ndi amuna awo.
Posachedwapa, zotsatira za kafukufuku wina zinatulutsanso ku JAMA Internal Medicine zikusonyeza kuti akazi ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito kuchipatala (aka chipatala) ndizovuta, pochizira odwala okalamba kusiyana ndi amuna awo.
Kuphatikizidwa zotsatira za maphunziro osiyanazi akhoza kutanthauzidwa motere: Pali madokotala ena a chipatala kunja uko omwe amapereka chisamaliro chabwino kuposa abambo awo ndipo amalipira pang'ono pochita.
Ngakhale kuti ndime ya The Equal Pay Act ya 1963, amai adakali ochepa kuposa amuna. Mwamwayi, kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi si chinthu chatsopano komanso choonadi chokhumudwitsa cha moyo chomwe chimazindikiridwa ndi amayi ambiri amene amayamba ntchito zawo atatha maphunziro awo ku koleji. Malingana ndi American Association of Women's University (AAUW) , "akazi chaka chimodzi kuchokera ku koleji omwe ankagwira ntchito nthawi zonse, pafupifupi 82 peresenti ya zomwe anzawo anzawo analandira."
Koma chiyembekezo chakuti akazi ena ogwira ntchito kuchipatala angakhale osamaliranso bwino kuposa anzawo omwe amagwira nawo ntchito ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso alipo kale. Ndipotu, ndikuyesa kuganiza kuti chifukwa abambo ndi amayi amaphunzitsidwa ku sukulu zachipatala zomwezo komanso mapulogalamu azachipatala, chisamaliro chomwe amapereka chiyenera kukhala chofanana.
Komabe, atasintha zosiyana siyana, izi sizikuwoneka choncho nthawi zonse, ndipo ochita kafukufuku akufufuza izi zowona kuti madokotala aakazi amachita mosiyana ndi amuna.
Kafukufuku
M'chaka cha 2016 chotchedwa "Kuyerekezera za Kufa kwa Chipatala ndi Kuwerengera kwa Madokotala kwa Odwala Matenda Operekedwa ndi Amuna ndi Akazi Amuna Amuna," ofufuza a Harvard adafufuza zitsanzo zazikulu za Medicare zomwe zimapindula nawo ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2011 mpaka pa 31 December , 2014, kukhala odwala mamiliyoni oposa 1.5 miliyoni.
Avereji ya zaka za wodwala kuchipatala anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 80.
Malingana ndi ochita kafukufuku, odwala omwe amathandizidwa ndi odwala chipatala chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana anali ndi zaka 30 zochepa zowonjezera kufala ndi kuchepa kwa masiku 30 kuposa momwe odwala omwewo anachitira ndi achipatala.
Kwa okalamba omwe ali ndi matenda akuluakulu omwe amafunika kuchipatala, mwinamwake zizindikiro zikuluzikulu zazikulu za chithandizo chopanda chithandizo kuchipatala ndi (1) odwala angati amatha kufa atamaliza kumwa, anayeza mu phunziro ili ndi masiku 30 a kufa kwa anthu , ndipo (2) chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amatha kubwereranso ku chipatala chifukwa cha chomwecho, anayezedwa mu phunziroli ndi chiwerengero cha masiku 30 ovomerezeka .
Mwachidziwitso, mu phunziro lino, masiku 30 omwe anafa odwala omwe anawerengedwa pakati pa madokotala aakazi anali 11.07 peresenti ndipo a amuna anali 11.49 peresenti. Tsiku la 30 linasintha chiwerengero cha kuwerengera ndi 15.02 peresenti pakati pa operekera akazi ndi 15.57 peresenti pakati pa amuna opereka mankhwala.
Ngakhale kuti peresenti yosachepera 1 peresenti imasiyanasiyana ndi izi zingakhale zochepa, ganizirani kuti kusiyana kumeneku kungatanthauze-ngati bungwe limeneli linatsimikiziridwa kuti limakhalapo-anthu ena 32,000 angapulumutsidwe ku chiwerengero cha Medicare okha ngati odwala am'chipatala amapeza chimodzimodzi zotsatira zachipatala monga momwe akazi amachitira.
Ngati gululi liyenera kumasulira kwa anthu omwe sanali a Medicare, zotsatira zake zikhoza kukhala zazikulu.
Kuti anthu azisintha izi, kufa kwa 32,000 kumatanthauza kuti padzakhalanso agogo aamuna ambiri a ku America komweko omwe akanakhoza kuchita zikondwerero za kubadwa, maphunziro, ndi maphwando a tchuthi. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti kukumbukira kuli kofunika kwambiri.
N'chifukwa Chiyani Kusiyanasiyana N'kusiyana?
Malingana ndi ochita kafukufukuwo, "Zolemba zasonyeza kuti madokotala aakazi akhoza kukhala oyenera kutsatira malangizo a chipatala, kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana kwachidziwitso, kuchita bwino kapena kupindula pa mayeso ovomerezeka, ndi kupereka uphungu wochuluka kwa maganizo pa odwala awo kusiyana ndi anzawo anzawo. "Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kusiyana kumeneku muzochitika zachipatala kumawonekera kumbuyo, kapena kuchipatala, kusamalira, nayenso.
Phunziro la tsopano ndilo loyamba kusonyeza kuti kusiyana kotereku kungapangitse kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino za odwala.
Ofufuzawa alibe chifukwa chomveka chifukwa chake zotsatirazi zinawonetsedwa. Kugonana kwa dokotala sikungoyenera kuti munthu wodwala akuyenda bwino kapena amwalira atatulutsidwa kuchipatala. M'malo mwake, kugonana kwa dokotala ndi chizindikiro cha mitundu ina yothandizira yomwe imapereka chithandizo ku umoyo wodwala, monga kupanga chisankho.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti malinga ndi deta kuchokera ku mafakitale osati kuwonjezera pa chithandizo chamankhwala, amuna sangakhale oganiza bwino pothetsera mavuto ovuta.
Pazifukwa zina, sizikudziwikiratu ngati madokotala a transgender amakumana ndi zotsatira zachipatala zabwino kapena zoipa kuposa madokotala amtundu kapena amayi. Deta ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mu phunziro ili inadziwika yekha, ndipo mayankho a ochita dokotala anali ochepa kwa mwamuna kapena mkazi ... palibe chochita chosakhulupirika chinaperekedwa.
Kodi Zonsezi Zimakukhudzani Bwanji?
Choyamba, ndikuuzeni zomwe zotsatira za phunziro lino sizikutanthauza. Zotsatira izi sizikutanthauza kuti nthawi yotsatira yomwe wokondedwa wanu wachikulire akuchiritsidwa kuchipatala, chipatala chachikazi ndi chabwino kwambiri. Madokotala onse ndi osiyana, ndipo pali madokotala abwino kwambiri abambo ndi amayi kunja uko. Chonde kumbukirani kuti zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kusonkhana pakati pa kugonana kwa chipatala komanso momwe anthu ena odwala amathandizira atachoka kuchipatala.
Kutanthauzira kwina kolakwika kwa zotsatira za phunziro lino kumaphatikizapo kukweza mgwirizano uwu kwa madokotala onse. Ochita kafukufukuyu akuyang'ana pa chipatala , kapena chipatala, chisamaliro choperekedwa ndi akazi ndi abambo akuluakulu. Ngakhale kusagwirizana pakati pa madokotala aamuna ndi aakazi kwapezeka m'madera osungirako odwala, palibe chodziwikiratu ngati mgwirizano pakati pa zotsatira zachipatala ndi abambo azimayi okhudzana ndi zaumoyo umagwirizanitsidwa m'njira iliyonse yodalirika, ndipo palibe umboni wothandizira zilankhulozi. Kufufuzanso kwina kungakhale kofunikira kuti tipeze ngati bungweli limagwira ntchito pazomwe zili kunja kwa chipatala.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zotsatira za phunziro ili siziyenera kulamula kukonda mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachipatala. Musamawerenge nkhaniyi kapena phunziroli ndipo nthawi zonse musankhe mayi wathanzi, kaya ndi dokotala wamkulu, dokotala wa opaleshoni kapena katswiri wina, chifukwa mukuganiza kuti adzasamalira bwino kuposa anzake.
M'malo mwake, zotsatira za phunziroli zimatsutsana ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino lomwe lingakhalepo kuti madokotala amphongo ndi abambo ayenera, moyenera, kupereka chisamaliro chofanana. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikusonyeza kuti pangakhale chinachake chapadera chokhudza chisamaliro chimene amayi ogwira ntchito kuchipatala amapereka chomwe chimamasulira ku ntchito yabwino. Sindikudziwa ngati kusiyana kotereku kungaphunzitsidwe kapena kufotokozedwa pakati pa amuna awo.
Kuchokera m'magulu a anthu, phunziroli likuwonetseratu zochitika zowopsya za ogwira ntchito; kuti ngakhale ngati mkazi ayenera kuchita ntchito yake bwino kuposa mwamuna, angakhale akulipidwabe pang'ono. Zoonadi, madokotala amuna ndi aakazi amalipira ndalama zochuluka, ndipo kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi kumakhala koopsa komanso kofunikira, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa amayi omwe alibe amayi omwe akuyesetsa kuti azisamalira mabanja awo. Komabe, chifukwa cha kufufuza kumeneku kwaposachedwapa kuchokera ku Harvard, kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa amayi ndi odwala kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
> Zotsatira:
> Corbett, C ndi Hill C. Kupitiliza Kulipidwa . www.aauw.org.
> Jena, AB, Olenski AR, ndi Blumenthal DM. Kusiyanitsa Kugonana kwa Mayiwa Amayi ku US Makampani Ochipatala Onse. " JAMA Internal Medicine . 2016; 176: 9.
> The Equal Pay Act ya 1963. US Equal Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm
> Tsugawa, Y, et al. "Kuyerekezera za Kufa kwa Chipatala ndi Kuwerengera Kulipira Matenda a Mankhwala Odwala Operekedwa ndi Amuna ndi Odwala Amuna." JAMA Internal Medicine.