Zimene Mukuyenera Kudziwa
Ephedra sinica ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a chikhalidwe cha Chinese a asthma, bronchitis, chifuwa ndi chimfine ndi zizindikiro za chimfine.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 80, ephedra adadziwika kunja kwa mankhwala a Chinela kuti awonongeke komanso kupititsa patsogolo masewera. Kutchuka kwake kunapitilira kukula, ndipo kunapezeka mu zakudya zowonjezera zambiri zomwe zinagulitsidwa kuti zisawonongeke ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito mpaka zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi ephedra zinaletsedwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mu 2006.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ephedra zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ndi alkaloids ephedrine ndi pseudoephedrine, zomwe zimawoneka kuti ziwonjezere kuthamanga kwa mtima, zimayambitsa mitsempha ya magazi (yomwe imayambitsa kukhetsa magazi), kuchepetsa mavitamini (omwe amachititsa kuti mpweya ukhale wophweka) kumawonjezera kutentha kwa thupi ndi kuchepetsa thupi).
Mtundu wa pseudoephedrine umapezeka m'magulu otentha kwambiri komanso mankhwala ozizira, ndipo kupanga ephedrine kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mphumu (koma makamaka m'malo mwa mankhwala atsopano). Zokwanira ephedrine ndi pseudoephedrine zagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo methamphetamine, monga momwe nyuzipepala ya The New York Times inanenera .
Ephedra ku United States
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zili ndi ephedra alkaloids zaletsedwa ku United States kuyambira 2006.
Ku Canada, ephedra amavomerezedwa ndi Health Canada kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati munthu wamphongo wodetsedwa kwambiri.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndi ephedra sizikhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu, monga caffeine, zomwe zingapangitse kuti ephedra apitirire. Komanso, sangathe kupitirira 400 mg pa mlingo kapena 1600 mg pa ephedra, kapena 8 mg ephedrine pa mlingo kapena 32 mg patsiku la ephedrine. Zamagulu ndi malingaliro otanthauza kapena osatsimikiziridwa olepheretsa kulemera, kukhumba kwa kudya, kumanga thupi kapena kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu sikuloledwa.
Chifukwa Chimene Anthu Amagwiritsira Ntchito Efdradi
1) Kutaya kwa Thupi: Ephedra amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemera thupi. Otsutsa amanena kuti izo zingathandize kulimbikitsa kulemera kwa thupi ndi kuthetsa njala.
Asanalole kuti ephedra apitirize kuwonjezera, zakudya zambiri zowonjezera kulemera kwake zimakhalanso ndi zitsamba, monga tiyi, yerba mate, ndi guarana . Komabe, kuphatikiza kwa ephedra / caffeine kumagwirizana kwambiri kuti kuonjezera mavuto omwe angabweretse thanzi ndipo sikoyenera.
2) Masewero a masewera: Efdra ndi ofanana ndi mapangidwe a amphetamine, kotero agwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera maseŵero a maseŵera pamsinkhu ndi kupirira masewera, kuwonjezera kuchenjeza ndi kukhumudwitsa pamunda, ndi kuchepetsa kutopa mu masewera monga ice hockey, baseball, mpira, ndi njinga. Komabe, palibe umboni wabwino kuti zingathandize kusintha masewera, ndipo sichivomerezeka chifukwa chaichi.
Ephedra imaletsedwa ndi mayanjano ambiri a masewera, kuphatikizapo International Olympic Committee, National Football League (NFL) ndi National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
3) Nthenda ndi Zovuta Zina Zopweteka: Efrasi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'magulu achi China monga njira yothetsera mphumu , khwetekiti, chifuwa, malungo, kuzizira ndi kuzizira komanso zizindikiro za chimfine, monga kusokonezeka kwa msana.
Mipango
Zotsatira za ephedra zingakhalepo:
- kunyoza
- mutu; chizungulire
- kupsa mtima kwa m'mimba; kutsekula m'mimba
- nkhawa; psychosis
- impso miyala
- kunjenjemera
- Mlomo wouma
- zizindikiro zosasinthasintha za mtima; kuwonongeka kwa mtima
- kuthamanga kwa magazi
- kupuma; mantha; mavuto ogona
- kuchepetsa chilakolako
- kukwera; thukuta
- kuwonjezeka kwambili
Kugwiritsira ntchito ephedra kunayanjananso ndi kupweteka , kugwidwa, psychosis, ndi imfa.
Kafukufuku woperekedwa ndi a National Institutes of Health anawunika malipoti 16,000 ovuta ndipo anazindikira imfa ziwiri, zikwapu zisanu ndi zinayi, zowawa za mtima zinayi, kugwidwa kokha ndi matenda asanu a maganizo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ephedra pomwe panalibe zifukwa zina zomwe zingapangitse izi. zotsatira.
Kufufuza kwa NIH-komaliza kunagwiranso ntchito kuti ephedra inagwirizanitsidwa ndi mavuto akuluakulu a zotsatira zochepa monga kuchepa kwa mtima, matenda a maganizo ndi kugwidwa, komanso zizindikiro za kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka mantha (kutenthedwa, kusowa tulo), makamaka ngati kuphatikizapo caffeine kapena zolimbikitsa zina monga kola nut, tiyi wobiriwira, guarana kapena yerba mate.
Zambiri za zotsatira za ephedra zakhala zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezera pa zinthu, kuzunza ndi kuziphatikiza ndi zolimbikitsa zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba, monga caffeine. Zotsatira za ephedra, ngakhale zili choncho, zimasiyana ndipo sizidalira nthawi zonse. Zotsatira zoipa zoopsa zingayambenso kupezeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lochepa.
Zowopsa za zotsatirapo ndi zotsatira zovuta zimaoneka ngati zazikulu kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yosautsa, monga matenda a mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi; mavuto a mtima; chithandizo cha chithokomiro; hypoglycemia; glaucoma; nkhawa; glaucoma; pheochromocytoma; shuga; matenda a impso kapena miyala ya impso; matenda a maganizo kapena mbiri ya matenda a maganizo; prostate yowonjezereka; kuperewera kwa ubongo ndi mbiri ya kugwidwa, kupweteka, kapena kusokonezeka kwa ischemic. Anthu omwe ali ndi thanzili ayenera kupewa ephedra. Anthu omwe amadwala matenda a ephedra, ephedrine, kapena pseudoephedrine ayenera kupeŵa ephedra.
Ephedra amakhulupirira kuti amawonjezera chiopsezo cha kupweteka kwapakati chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti thupi liwonongeke komanso limapangitsa kuti thupi lisathenso kutentha.
Ephrra sayenera kutengedwa masabata awiri asanachitike kapena pambuyo pake. Sitiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amayi omwe ali ndi pakati kapena omwe akuyamwitsa kapena ana. Anthu omwe ali ndi anorexia nervosa kapena bulimia ayenera kupewa ephedra chifukwa zimakhudza kukhumba.
Zakudya sizinayesedwe kuti zikhale zotetezeka komanso chifukwa chakuti zakudya zowonjezera zakudya zimakhala zosavomerezeka, zomwe zilipo zingakhale zosiyana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa palemba. Komanso kumbukirani kuti chitetezo cha mankhwala opatsirana mwa amayi apakati, amayi oyamwitsa, ana, ndi omwe ali ndi matenda kapena omwe akumwa mankhwala sanakhazikitsidwe.
Kumbukirani, mankhwala omwe anali ndi ephedra analetsedwa ndi FDA mu 2006.
Kuyanjana kotheka
Malingana ndi kuyanjana kodziwika pakati pa zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito ephedra, ephedrine, ndi pseudoephedrine, mankhwala otsatirawa amatha kugwirizana ndi ephedra:
- Kuchepetsa, T-Phyl, ndi Uniphyl (theophylline) - mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito asthma, emphysema, ndi bronchitis
- Amphetamines, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kutaya mtima, monga Adderall (dextroamphetamine)
- Mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, makamaka monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), monga Marplan (isocarboxazid), Nardil (phenelzine) ndi Parnate (tranylcypromine), chifukwa cha chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kupweteka; tricyclic zowonongeka, monga Elavil (amitriptyline) ndi Pamelor (nortriptyline)
- Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid
- Kupweteka kwa magazi
- Mankhwala a shuga, monga insulini, Glucophage (metformin), Diabeta, Glynase, Micronase (glyburide
- Mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga codeine
- Pitosin (Oxytocin) kapena Dalevative ya Secale Alkaloid
- Wotchedwa St. John's Wort
- Zolimbikitsa. Ephrra sayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri, monga caffeine ndi Sudafed (pseudoephedrine hydrochloride), chifukwa zingakhale ndi zotsatira zowonjezera. Zitsamba zodziwika kuti zili ndi caffeine zimaphatikizapo tiyi wobiriwira, kola nut, guarana ndi yerba mate, pamene chowawa cha orange chimakhala cholimbikitsa.
> Zotsatira:
> Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine: Wowonjezera Commission E Mafilimu a Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000: 111-117.
> Chakudya ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo. FDA Imalengeza Kuletsa Kuletsedwa kwa Mavitamini Zakudya Zakudya Zomwe Zili ndi Ephedrine Alkaloids zogwirizana ndi April 12. April 12, 2004.
> Chakudya ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo. Khoti Lachiwiri la Dandaulo la Dera Limagonjetsa Zowonjezera Zakudya Zoletsedwa za FDA Zomwe zili ndi Ephedrine Alkaloid. August 23, 2006.
> Health Canada. Ephedra / ephedrine - Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri. January 2002.
> Ma Institutes of Health Office of Food Supplements. Ephedra ndi Ephedrine Alkaloids kuti Mutha Kulemera ndi Kupikisana. July 1, 2004.
> Shekelle P, Morton SC, Maglione M, Hardy M, Mtsitsi M, Roth E, Jungvig L, Mojica W, Gagné J, Rhodes S, McKinnon E, ndi Newberry S. Ephedra ndi Ephedrine poyeza Kulemera Kwambiri ndi Kuthamanga Kwambiri. Mphamvu ndi Zotsatira Zachilendo. Wokonzeka ku bungwe la kafukufuku wa zaumoyo ndi umoyo, 2003.