Kutentha kwa dzuwa kumayambitsidwa ndi flavivirus, yomwe imafalikira ndi udzudzu ku Africa ndi South America, makamaka m'madera omwe ali ndi nkhalango zakuda kapena nkhalango. Matenda ofanana ndi chimfine amachititsa kuti zizindikiro monga fever, chills, ndi thupi zimatha masiku atatu kapena asanu kuchokera ku matenda, ndipo nthawi zambiri mankhwala sali oyenera. Komabe, pafupifupi 10 peresenti mpaka 15 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, akhoza kukhala oopsa, chifukwa chimakhala ndi malungo, chiwindi, ndi zina.
Kutentha kwa dzuwa kungakhale koopsa.
Mbiri, Zotsatirapo, ndi Kufikira
Kwa zaka zambiri, chikondwerero cha yellow fever chinayendetsedwa bwino kuposa kale, makamaka chifukwa chakuti pali katemera wotetezera. Komabe, WHO imalingalira kuti pafupifupi 84,000 mpaka 170,000 anthu amadwala matenda a chikasu chaka chilichonse chaka chilichonse. Amakhulupirira kuti zambiri sizimapezeka, choncho chiwerengero cha matendawa sichidziwikiratu.
Anthu pafupifupi 29,000 mpaka 78,000 amafa ndi matendawa pachaka padziko lonse lapansi.
Chiwopsezo chotentha chimapezeka m'madera omwe chiwerengero cha tizilombo ndi udzudzu chimatha. Izi makamaka zimadalira nyengo ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhalango.
Ambiri a ku South America, kachilombo ka HIV sikha chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mizinda. Amapezeka m'madera ena enieni, makamaka m'nkhalango zakutali kapena m'madera a m'nkhalango, kumene kachilombo ka HIV kamakula m'matenda.
Kumeneko, umakhala ku Amazon, makamaka ku Brazil, kufika ku Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, ndi Argentina.
Mayiko omwe ali pangozi amakhalanso Panama, Trinidad ndi Tobago, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, ndi Suriname.
Koma pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya chikondwerero cha chikasu chiyenera kuchitika ku Africa, kumene anthu ambiri amamwalira chifukwa cha matendawa. Amapezeka ku West ndi Central Africa, komanso m'madera ena a East Africa.
Maiko aku Africa omwe ali ndi chiopsezo cha chikondwerero chachikasu ndi awa: Angola; Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Republic of Congo; Cote d'Ivoire; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sudan; Dziko; Togo ndi Uganda.
Mu 2016, kuphulika kwakukulu mumzinda wa Angola, komwe anthu oposa 200 anafa ndi matendawa. Vutoli likufalitsidwa mumzindawu komanso m'madera ambiri m'dzikoli. Ngakhale kuti sizikuoneka kuti zilipo ku Asia, apaulendo ndi antchito abwerera kwawo ku China kuchokera ku Angola ali ndi kachilomboka.
Vutoli likufalikira kwina kuposa momwe likuchitira tsopano. Choyamba chinafika ku United States kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600. Zikukhulupirira kuti zabweretsedwa ndi kugulitsa kwa anthu pakati pa Africa ndi America, pamene udzudzu ndi kachilomboka zimatengedwa pamodzi ndi anthu omwe adakhala m'madera ovuta. Ankafika chakumpoto monga Boston, New York, ndi Philadelphia, ndipo adakhala kumidzi yakummwera mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Vutoli linafalikiranso ndi malonda ku mayiko a ku Ulaya mpaka kumpoto monga Cardiff ndi Dublin, ngakhale kuti mayiko monga Greece anali pangozi yaikulu.
Zizindikiro
Kwa anthu ambiri, chikondwerero cha yellow fever chimayambitsa matenda ochepa kapena sichidziwika. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala masiku atatu kapena asanu pakati pa kulandira kachilomboka kudzera mu kuluma kwa udzudzu ndikudwala. Ngati muli ndi matenda ochepa komanso osadwala kwambiri, muyenera kuyembekezera. Kwa anthu ena, yellow fever imayambitsa matenda, chiwombankhanga, aches, magazi, maso a khungu ndi khungu, kunyoza, kusanza, chisokonezo, mantha, kufooka kwa thupi-ngakhale imfa.
Kwa anthu amene ali ndi chidziwitso cha chikondwerero cha chikasu , pali magawo atatu a matenda:
Matenda oyambirira amatha masiku atatu kapena asanu mutatha kuwoneka.
Mukhoza kukhala ndi malungo, minofu, kunyoza, kusanza, chizungulire, ndi kutopa.
Kukhululukidwa kumachitika masiku awiri kapena atatu kenako. Kutentha thupi, ngati kulipo, kudumpha ndi zizindikiro kumawoneka bwino. Izi zikhoza kukhala maola 24 mpaka 48. Anthu ambiri amachira pomwepa. Pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amakhala ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri.
Matenda owopsa : Kutentha, kunyowa, ndi kusanza kumachitika ngati mukudwala matenda aakulu. Zizindikiro zatsopano ndi zizindikiro zimayambira matenda akuluakulu:
- Jaundice: Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu amakhala ndi chikasu cha khungu (kuphatikizapo mitengo ya palmu ndi michere), azungu a maso, ndi khungu pansi pa lilime. Chizindikiro ichi chimapatsa yellow fever dzina.
- Anthu ena amayamba kuvulaza mosavuta kapena kukhala ndi magazi kuchokera m'malo osiyanasiyana m'thupi. Makamaka, mungaone kuti magazi akutuluka m'mphuno mwanu, nthata zina zam'mimba, kapena malo amtundu, kapena mukhoza kuona magazi m'matutsi anu.
- Khungu loyera la magazi limakhala lochepa, kutanthauza kuti pali maselo ochepa oteteza mthupi.
- Mayeso a magazi angasonyeze kuti chiwindi chawonongeka, chomwe chingadziwike ndi kukhalapo kwa michere yambiri ya chiwindi m'magazi. Izi zikhoza kuchitika musanafike chifuwa cha jaundice.
- Ngati matenda akukula, mazira a chiwindi amayenera kuwuka mpaka sabata lachiwiri la matenda ndikuyamba kusiya.
- Anthu omwe amachiza kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamenyana ndi kachilomboka kamatuluka. Vutoli limakhala m'magazi nthawi zambiri kwa iwo omwe amadwala kwambiri.
- Matenda aakulu angayambitse zizindikiro za chisokonezo, ndipo pamapeto pake, thupi lilephera.
Pafupifupi 20 peresenti mpaka 50 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu akhoza kufa.
Zimayambitsa
Kutentha kwa dzuwa kumayambitsidwa ndi flavivirus , kachilombo ka RNA kamodzi kamene kamafalikira ndi udzudzu wa Aedes aegypti. Ming'oma imeneyi, yomwe imayambitsa Zika ndi Dengue, imatchedwa udzudzu wa chikasu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a chikasu ingathe kufalikira ndi udzudzu wina, Aedes africanus ku Africa kapena udzudzu wa Haemagogus ndi Sabet ku South America.
Ming'anga imatulutsa kachilombo ka kudya magazi a munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilomboka kapena nyamakazi ina, monga monkey, kenaka akuluma munthu wina kapena chimbudzi china. Ming'anga ikhoza kutenga kachilomboka ngati idya magazi omwe ali ndi kachilombo kaye munthu asanakhale ndi malungo mpaka masiku asanu.
Miyendo Yotumiza
Vutoli liri ndi kayendedwe ka katatu kosiyana: jungle (sylvatic), pakati (savannah), ndi kumidzi. Chiwombankhanga chotentha chimene chikufalikira mumzinda n'chosiyana kwambiri ndi malungo a yellow fever omwe amapezeka m'nkhalango kapena m'nkhalango, ndipo ndiyo yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Pamene chikondwerero chachikasu chikufalikira m'nkhalango chimakhala chikufalikira popanda anthu. Chimafalikira kuchokera ku anthu omwe sali anthu (monga nyani) kwa anthu omwe sali a mtundu wa udzudzu ndi udzudzu. Ngati anthu amachezera m'nkhalango (kunena za migodi, kusaka, kapena zokopa alendo), amatha kulumidwa ndi udzudzu ndikudwala.
Pakatikati (yomwe imatchedwanso savannah), chikasu chimakhala chikufala pakati pa abulu ndi anthu kudzera mu udzudzu, m'madera omwe ali m'mphepete mwa madera. Ikhoza kufalitsa nyani kwa munthu, nguluwe kwa monkey, munthu kwa munthu, kapena munthu kwa nyani.
M'mizinda, chikondwerero cha chikasu chikufalikira makamaka pakati pa anthu kudzera mu udzudzu wokhala kumidzi. Kawirikawiri imayamba pamene munthu amene ali ndi kachilomboka akubwerera kuchokera ku nkhalango. Zingayambitse kuphulika mwadzidzidzi m'midzi yambiri yamidzi.
Kudziwa
Kuzindikira za chiwindi chija kumadalira mbiri yachipatala ya kulumidwa kwa udzudzu m'deralo, komanso mbiri ya zizindikiro. Pali mayeso angapo omwe angathandizire kapena kutsimikizira kuti matenda a chikondwerero ndi a yellow fever.
- Mayeso a Antibody: Mayeserowa ndi mayeso ochizira kwambiri a chiwindi. Amayang'ana kukhalapo kwa mapuloteni oteteza thupi ku chitetezo m'thupi mwanu, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mwina mukulimbana kapena mukulimbana ndi matendawa. Zingatenge masiku angapo kuti thupi lanu likhale ndi ma antibodies okwanira kuti adziwe, komabe. Muyenera kudikira kwa milungu iwiri kuti mutenge zotsatira.
- Mayeso a Viral PCR: Mayeso a PCR angathe kuzindikira kuti mavitamini omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV mumagazi anu. Pulogalamu yabwino ya PCR imasonyeza kuti muli ndi kachilombo m'thupi lanu, choncho imaonedwa kuti ndi chizindikiro cholimba cha matenda omwe alipo tsopano kusiyana ndi mayeso a antibody. Chofunika kwambiri: Vuto la RNA limapezeka patangotha matenda, koma sichidziwika mosavuta patapita masiku ambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kupeza zotsatira zoyipa za kuyeso kwa PCR ngakhale mutakhala ndi kachilomboka.
- Mayeso a mitsempha: Mayesero atsopano angakhoze kuzindikira kachilombo ka PCR mu mkodzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa akhale othandiza kwambiri. Komabe, mayeso awa, pokhala akulonjeza, sakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Chithandizo
Palibe mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a yellow fever. Komabe, matendawa akhoza kukhala ovuta kwambiri, ndipo mavuto ena okhudzana ndi matendawa angafune chithandizo chamankhwala. Chithandizo cha chikasu chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuchitidwa kuchipatala osati kunyumba. Izi ziphatikizapo:
- Kupewa Kuchetsa Magazi: Chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha magazi, mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti aspirin, ibuprofen, ndi naproxen, apewedwe.
- Kuthamanga: Kusunga madzi m'kati mwa nthendayi ndi mankhwala kapena zamadzimadzi a IV kungakhale kofunikira, makamaka ngati mukusanza kapena kuthamanga kwa magazi.
- Kutentha kwa chiwopsezo : Kawirikawiri, yellow fever imagwiridwa ndi mapepala apansi. Koma ngati malungo anu akukwera kuposa momwe mukuyembekezera, mungafunike mankhwala kuti achepetse kutentha kwanu.
- Ululu: Ngati mukumva kupweteka kwa minofu kapena kupweteka kwachibadwa, zingathe kuperekedwa ndi pakamwa kapena kupatsirana kupweteka kwa ululu.
- Kuponderezedwa kwa magazi: Kwa omwe akudodometsa, omwe amapezeka pamene kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kotsika kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa magazi kungawonjezere ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti mitsempha ya magazi, yomwe imatchulidwa kuti yosokoneza.
- Kusamalira chiwalo cholephera: Pamene chikondwerero cha chikasu chimasokoneza thupi, ziwalo zimenezo zimayenera kuthandizidwa pamene matendawa amakula. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya wabwino ungafunike kuthandizira kupuma; dialysis imafunika kuti ichite ntchito ya impso.
Kupewa
Chifukwa chiwindi chimakhala chapafupi kwa kanthawi, kufalitsa kachilombo kumamveka bwino. Nazi njira zina zothandiza kupewa matenda :
- Katemera : Kuchokera kwa anthu ena, katemera akulimbikitsidwa. Ngati mumakhala pamalo ovuta, mukhoza kukhalabe ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa ndipo muyenera kutsata ndondomeko yoyenera yokhudza katemera nokha ndi ana anu. Ngati mukuyenda kumalo kumene chiwindi chimakhala chofiira, mudzafunika kukhala ndi katemera. Kawirikawiri, katemera wa alendo siwowonjezeka, ndipo mungafunikire kupanga msonkhano pa chipatala choyendera. Ndibwino kuti mukonzekere patsogolo, monga momwe mungapezere katemera masiku khumi musanayambe ulendo wanu.
- Zitetezo za udzudzu: Ngati muli pamalo ovuta, mukhoza kudziletsa nokha ndi ana anu pa udzudzu. Ngakhale sizingatheke kuti mutetezeretu udzudzu wa udzudzu, mukhoza kuvala zigawo, makamaka poyenda m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango, ndipo mutha kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zimalimbikitsanso kuti mugone pansi pa maukonde otetezera, ngakhale mutakhala m'chipindamo.
- Kuteteza ena: Kawirikawiri, chifukwa kachilombo ka HIV kamatha kufalikira kwa munthu kudzera mwa udzudzu, ndibwino kuti mupitirize kukhala ndi maukonde a udzudzu kuti musatenge kachilomboka ngati mukudziwa kuti mwatenga kachilomboka.
Mawu Ochokera
Ngati mukuyenda kumalo komwe chimfine chimakhala chofiira, muyenera kutenga njira zoyenera kutetezera; Kuchita zimenezi kudzakuthandizani kuchepetsa chiopsezo chanu chotenga matenda.
Onetsetsani kuti mudziwe bwinobwino zizindikiro zomwe zimapezeka kuti mutha kuchipatala ngati mukudwala. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi chikondwerero chachikasu amachira bwino, mwayi wa wina ndi wapamwamba kwambiri ngati mutapeza chisamaliro chanzeru musanakhale zovuta.
> Zotsatira:
> Cui S, Pan Y, Lyu Y. Kuzindikira za majeremusi a chiwindi a yellow fever kuchokera ku zinayi zomwe zinatumizidwa ku China. Int J Inayambitsa Dis. 2017 Jul; 60: 93-95. lembani: 10.1016 / j.ijid.2017.05.001. Epub 2017 Jun 13.
> Hughes HR Russell BJ, Mossel EC, Kayiwa J, Lutwama J, Lambert AJ. Kukula kwa njira yeniyeni yeniyeni ya RT-PCR yosiyanitsa matenda a chiwindi a yellow fever chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Apr 11. pii: JCM.00323-18. lembani: 10.1128 / JCM.00323-18. [Epub patsogolo pa kusindikiza]