Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, Chernobyl Idakalipo ndi Matenda a Chithokomiro ndi Matenda Ena
Pa April 26, 1986 pa 1:23 am, zinthu ku Chernobyl, tawuni yaying'ono ku Soviet, zinasokonekera kwambiri. Lero dzina lakuti "Chernobyl" ndilo mwala woyesera, mawu amodzi omwe amatanthauza "tsoka la nyukiliya" kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Chernobyl analidi ngozi yoopsa kwambiri ya nyukiliya m'mbiri. Ngakhale kuti ngozi yapamtunda ya March 2011 Fukushima inanenedwa kuti ndi "yovuta" monga Chernobyl ndi zida za nyukiliya, akuganiza kuti kutuluka kwa dzuwa ku Japan kunali kochepa kwambiri kuposa ku Chernobyl, ndipo kugwa kwa nthaka kunalibe zochepa m'madera ena.
Komabe, pangakhale zaka zambiri tisanadziwe ngati Chernobyl adzapitirizabe kukhala wosiyana kwambiri ndi vuto la nyukiliya.
Mulimonse mmene zilili, Chernobyl wakhala akudalira kwambiri odwala ndi odwala chifukwa cha chithokomiro, chifukwa chimodzi mwa ma radioisotopes amene anatulutsidwa pa ngozi za nyukiliya - kuphatikizapo ngozi ya Chernobyl - ndi iodine 131, yomwe imatchedwanso radioactive iodine, kapena radioiodine.
Iodini 131 ili ndi hafu ya moyo wa masiku asanu ndi atatu, kutanthauza kuti hafu ya iyo imwazikana masiku asanu ndi atatu. Moyo wautali wautali kwambiri (ukawuyerekezera ndi ma radiodiotus, omwe ali ndi miyoyo ya theka la mphindi kapena mphindi) amatanthauza kuti ayodini yowonjezereka imatha kulowa mu chakudya cha anthu mwa kuipitsa zomera, zinyama, ndi madzi. kuchuluka kwake kwa kuvunda kwa dzuwa ndi kufalikira. Akatha kudya, ayodini yowonongeka imakhala pafupi ndi khungu la chithokomiro, kumene mazira amatha kupangitsa kuti chiwonongekocho chiwonongeke, kapena kukhala ngati nthawi yayitali yopanga kansa ya chithokomiro ndi mavuto ena a chithokomiro.
Ana ang'onoang'ono ndi fetus, omwe adzipanga ndi mavitamini a chithokomiro ofulumira mofulumira, ndi omwe amapezeka kuti amapezeka ku ayodini yotulutsa mavitamini, ndipo zotsatira zake zowoneka kuti zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuwonetsa ana poyerekeza ndi akuluakulu. Ana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mkaka, ndipo ng'ombe zikadya msipu wodetsedwa ndi ayodini, iodini imayika kwambiri mkaka, ndikupangira mkaka njira ina yowunikira mavitamini a ayodini.
Ndikofunika kubwereza mbiri yakale kumbuyo kwavuto la Chernobyl, komanso mavuto a thanzi labwino, osati pa chithandizo cha chithokomiro, komanso zotsatira zina za thanzi.
Chernobyl Geography ndi Mbiri Yandale
Dera laling'ono la Chernobyl lili m'chigawochi - lotchedwa "Oblast" - la chigawo cha Kiev ku Ukraine. Mu 1986, Ukraine inali dziko la Soviet Union. Chernobyl ili pamtunda wa makilomita 110 kuchokera ku Kiev, mtunda wa makilomita 22 kuchokera kumalire a Ukraine ndi Gomel Oblast ku Belarus, ndi pafupi ndi Bryansk Oblast ku Russia. Chigawo cha Chernobyl kwenikweni chinali malo okhala alimi aang'ono.
Chomera cha nyukiliya, chomwe poyamba chinamangidwa monga mbali ya pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya ya Soviet Union, chinali pamtunda wa makilomita awiri kunja kwa dera lalikulu la tauni ya Chernobyl palokha. Chophikira chokweracho chinali pamphepete mwa mitsinje iwiri, Pripyat ndi Uh, pafupi ndi malo a Kiev, omwe anali ndi madzi ochulukirapo kuti azizizira. Patapita nthawi, chomeracho chinatembenuzidwa kuti chikhale ngati boma.
Boma la Soviet linali lochepetsa kufalitsa uthenga kapena kukambirana za mavuto okhudzana ndi zomanga, kusamalira, ndi njira zogwirira ntchito pa zitsamba za nyukiliya. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti chifukwa cha malingaliro ochepawa, ku Soviet Union, kunali kochepa kuphunzitsidwa, kuwonongeka kwa ngozi, ndi kukonzekera zoopsa za nyukiliya, ndipo Chernobyl sizinali zosiyana.
Soviet Union inagwiritsanso ntchito pulogalamu yandale yomwe inachokera ku Moscow ili ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa mayiko ndi madera ake osiyanasiyana, choncho chigawo cha Chernobyl, monga gawo la Ukraine, chinali pansi pa ulamuliro wandale wa ochita zisankho zikwizikwi ku Moscow.
Chifukwa chake, pamene ngozi ya nyukiliya inagonjetsedwa ku Chernobyl, anthu ogwira ntchitoyo sankangokhala okonzeka kuyankha mwangozi ngozi ya nyukiliya, koma yankholo linasokonezeka, popeza akuluakulu a boma akuyembekezera malangizo ochokera ku Moscow. Zakhala zikusimbidwa kuti ngakhale ngati kutuluka kwa dzuwa kumachokera ku riyakitala wolumala, ana amatumizidwa ku sukulu, ukwati wakunja unachitikira, mpira unachitika, ndipo anthu ammudzimo anapita kukaba nsomba m'madzi oyandama.
Malingana ndi lipoti la United Nations (1), linalidi masiku awiri odzaza - pambuyo pake imodzi inali itapsa, ndipo yachiwiri inali kuyaka moto - Moscow asanavomereze ngakhale kuti "chinachake" chinachitika ku Chernobyl, kukula kwa ngozi.
Kodi N'chiyani Chinachitikira ku Chernobyl?
International Atomic Energy Agency yanena zomwe zinachitika chifukwa cha ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Chernobyl. Akuti, pamene ogwira ntchito akuyesa Reactor Four, kuphulika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu kunayambira ku Chernobyl chomera, zomwe zinayambitsa kupasuka ndi moto, zomwe zinatulutsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a miyendo m'mlengalenga. Mapangidwe a makina a Chernobyl ankaonedwa kuti ndi akale, ndipo analibe malo okwanira kuti ateteze madera oyandikana nawo. Kugwidwa kwa Reactor Four kunatulutsa zinthu zoposa 100 zowonongeka mozungulira.
Anthu awiri ogwira ntchito pamundawo anaphedwa mwamsanga. Ambiri mwa omvera oyambirira adanenedwa kuti afa kale atangomva za ngoziyi, ndipo ambiri mkati mwa miyezi itatu yakuphulika koyamba. Oyendetsa ndege a helicopter amene ankagwira ntchito pamalowo masiku oyambirira anamaliza kupita ku Moscow kukapatsidwa mankhwala masiku angapo ndi milungu kuti athandizidwe ndi ngozi.
M'masiku oyambirira, pafupifupi 49,000 anthu omwe anathawa kuchoka m'deralo adachotsedwa, koma adauzidwa kuti adzathamangitsidwa kwa masiku awiri kapena atatu okha.
M'masabata otsatira, kuphulika kwakukulu kunachitika, koma kuopsa kwa dera kunakanidwa kapena kuchepetsedwa. Akuluakulu a boma la Soviet sanazindikire ngakhale pang'ono za kuphulika kumeneku pamtengowo, ndipo adatsimikizira anthu kuti zinthu zakhala zikulimbitsa bwino komanso kuti mafunde oopsa omwe ali m'derali anali oyenera.
Pofika mu Meyi wa 1986, mwezi umodzi pambuyo pa chivomezichi, anthu oposa 116,000 m'madera ozungulira makilomita 18 oyandikana nawo adasamutsidwa. M'zaka zikubwerazi, chiŵerengero cha anthu amene anathaŵa kwathunthu chinali pafupifupi 230,000, malinga ndi bungwe la US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Ife tsopano tikudziwa kuti dera lalikulu kwambiri lakhala likuwonekera poizoni kuchokera ku Chernobyl.
Mu lipoti la 2006 lochokera ku GreenPeace lotchedwa The Chernobyl Catastrophe: Zotsatira za Moyo waumunthu , gulu la asayansi ambiri padziko lonse, akatswiri ambiri apadera m'minda yawo ndi ena omwe anali kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali amene anali akuyang'anira Chernobyl kuyambira 1986, anati:
Chochitika chenichenicho padziko lonse chinakhudza kwambiri pa mayiko atatu oyandikana nawo a Soviet, omwe ndi mayiko odziimira tsopano a Ukraine, Belarus, ndi Russia. Zotsatira zake, komabe zinawonjezeka kwambiri. Pafupifupi theka la cesium-137 yomwe inatuluka chifukwa cha kuphulika kumeneku kunachitika m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Mayiko osachepera khumi ndi anayi ku Ulaya (Austria, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Slovenia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Italy, Bulgaria, Republic of Moldova ndi Girisi) anaipitsidwa ndi mafunde omwe anali pamwamba pa malire omwe ankawamasulira malo monga "owonetsedwa." Zowonongeka, koma komabe zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zogwirizana ndi ngozi ya Chernobyl zinapezeka padziko lonse lapansi ku Ulaya, kuchokera ku Scandinavia kupita ku Mediterranean, ndi ku Asia. (2)
Kubwerera ku Chernobyl palokha, magulu a omwe amatchulidwa kuti "osokoneza" anabweretsedwa kuti athandizidwe ndi ma radiation, kuchotsa zinyalala, ndipo potsirizira pake, kuthandiza kumanga nyumba yaikulu ya konkire - yotchedwa "sarcophagus" - kusindikiza reactor. Gulu la ogwira ntchito yomangamanga okwana 250,000, omwe onse amati adziwonetseredwa, miyezi ingapo, mpaka nthawi yaitali ya ma radiation, adagwira nawo ntchito yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ndiyo yaikulu kwambiri yomangamanga m'mbiri, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 1986, iwo adalanda chojambula cha Chernobyl mu sarcophagus.
Zotsatira Zaumoyo za Chernobyl
Ndi anthu angati amene anadwala matenda ochokera ku Chernobyl? Zili zovuta kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kuwononga kwa thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Chidziwitsochi chimasiyanasiyana, malinga ndi kuti chimachokera ku boma la Soviet panthaŵi ya ngozi, maboma amasiku ano, mabungwe apadziko lonse, kapena magulu odziimira.
Malingana ndi lipoti la United Nations:
Mwa anthu ovulala ochokera ku Chernobyl, anthu 35 anauzidwa kukhala "oopsa," ndipo asanu ndi mmodzi anafa. Chiwerengerocho chinakwera mpaka 31 mu chilimwe cha 1986, ndipo kumeneko chinatsalira. Palibe mwa anthu ambiri omwe adalimbikitsa owonetsedwa mwachindunji wa Chernobyl kuti adziwepo mndandanda uwu: imfa zawo zidatengedwa ndi zifukwa zina. (3)
Nyuzipepala ya US Nuclear Regulatory Commission yanena kuti kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anthu a m'deralo sanalandire mlingo wa ma radiation mopitirira malire, komanso kuti palibe kuchuluka kwa khansa. Awonetsa kuti ana okhawo awonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa khansa ya chithokomiro - milandu 4,000 yowonjezera - ndipo 99% ya milanduyo "yachiritsidwa." (4)
Maofesi onsewa amawoneka ngati ovuta. Cholinga chachikulu ndi lipoti la Komiti ya Scientific Committee ya zotsatira za Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), yomwe inanena kuti pofika mu 2005, anthu oposa 6,000 a ku Russia, Chiyukireniya ndi Belarus anapezeka ndi khansa ya chithokomiro. (5)
Mulimonsemo, kufunikira kuchotsa chithokomiro cha mwana chifukwa cha khansara sikungakhoze kuwonedwa ngati "mankhwala" mu lingaliro la mawu. Ana a ku Chernobyl akhalapo, ndipo adzapitiriza kukhala atakonzedwa ndi matenda chifukwa cha chithokomiro chawo "mankhwala" m'nthaŵi yonse ya moyo wawo, ndipo akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za majeremusi zikhoza kuchitika m'badwo wotsatira. Kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Harvard, kafukufuku wofalitsidwa ku Environmental Health Perspectives anawona za chiŵerengero cha khansa ya chithokomiro kuchokera ku iodine ya radioactive 131 mwa anthu 12,000 a ku Ukraine omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 18 omwe anadziwika ndi ma radiation pa Chernobyl. Chiwerengerochi chinafufuzidwa kasanu ndi chaka pakati pa 1998 ndi 2008, ndipo ofufuza adapeza zotsatirazi:
- Panali chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha khansa ya chithokomiro zaka 20 mutatha kuwonetseredwa koyamba. Izi zowopsya sizinali zofanana kwa gulu lonse ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zimadalira kwambiri kutalika kwa chimera pa nthawi ya chiwonetsero.
- Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwopsezo cha khansa ya chithokomiro, pafupipafupi, ndi 1,91 kuphatikizapo imvi yowonjezereka. (Imvi imakhala yofanana ndi kuyamwa kwa mazira a ionizing pa kilo imodzi ya minofu).
- Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa kwa anthu omwe amakhala m'derali panthaŵi ya ngozi chikucheperachepera.
Lipotilo linanenanso kuti, "Kafukufuku wakale wa opulumuka a mabomba a atomiki asonyeza kuti ngakhale zaka makumi atatu kuchokera pamene ma radiation amayamba, kuwonjezereka kwa khansa kulipo ndipo sikukuchepa kwambiri mpaka pambuyo pake." (6)
Mu 1989, Magazini ya Time inafotokoza nkhani yokhudzana ndi kupitirizabe kuzungulira Chernobyl, makamaka za ana omwe adakhala m'deralo, ndipo adakhala ndi nthawi yaitali. Nkhaniyi imalongosola anthu osiyanasiyana omwe kale anali ndale ndi asayansi, omwe amatsutsa boma la Soviet kuti likulephera kuwonetsa maulendo awo - amakhulupirira kuti nthawiyi inali yoposa 20 kuposa momwe inanenedwa - komanso ndondomeko yowatulukira anthu omwe ali pamsewu wolunjika.
Mkulu wina adati, "kuthawa kwa ana kunatsirizidwa pa June 7. Palibe zodabwitsa kuti pali ana ambiri odwala m'dera lathu, makamaka omwe ali ndi hyperplasia ya chithokomiro." Nkhaniyi inafotokozera kuti matendawa ndi ena omwe amawoneka ndi mazira, monga khansa ya m'magazi, amanenedwa kuti ndi zovuta zambiri. (7)
Ovomerezeka ku GreenPeace ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa kwambiri. Msonkhano wawo wa 2006 ku Chernobyl Catastrope , iwo anafotokoza zambiri za chiwonongeko, poona kuti ngakhale kuti malipoti a boma amanena kuti pafupifupi 4,000 anthu oposa ambiri afa ku Belarus, Ukraine ndi Russia kuyambira pangozi, akatswiri omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yolemba lipoti la GreenPeace anthu oposa 200,000 amafa chifukwa cha anthu omwewo.
Lipoti la GreenPeace linanenanso kuti:
- Pakati pa anthu a ku Belarussian - anthu omwe anathandiza kusala mwangozi - zizindikiro za impso, kanema / chikhodzodzo ndi kansa ya chithokomiro zonse zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya 1993 mpaka 2003 poyerekeza ndi gulu lofanana. Khansa ya m'magazi inali yapamwamba kwambiri kwa anthu osokoneza bongo ochokera ku Ukraine, kwa anthu akuluakulu ku Belarus komanso kwa ana omwe ali m'madera oipitsidwa kwambiri a Russia ndi Ukraine.
- Pakati pa anthu osokoneza bongo ambiri, 88% amasonyeza umboni wa kusintha kwa chromosomal m'maselo oyera a magazi.
- Kuchokera mu 1995 kupita patsogolo, kuchuluka kwa khansa m'mimba, m'mapapu, m'mawere, phokoso, m'kamwa, khungu la chithokomiro, mafupa a mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha imapezeka m'madera akum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa dera. M'dera la Tula, kansa yapamwamba kwambiri ya khansa ya mfupa ndi khansa ya pakatikati ya mitsempha ya mitsempha inapezeka kwa ana kuyambira nthawi ya 1990-1994.
- Panali njira zambiri zowonjezera kupuma kwa zipangizo zamagetsi zowatulutsa mpweya wotuluka mu mpweya wa mpweya pa ngozi ya Chernobyl. Nyuzipepala ya Ministry of Health ya Chiyukireniya inanena kuti chiwerengero cha matenda a bronchitis ndi emphysema omwe amakhalapo pakati pa 300 ndi 10,000 alionse m'chaka cha 1990 kufika pa 500 pa 10,000 pa anthu akuluakulu komanso achinyamata m'chaka cha 2004. Pa nthawi yomweyi, matendawa amawonjezereka, anthu.
- Pakati pa 1988 ndi 1999, matenda oyambitsa matenda a atherosclerosis oyambirira komanso matenda a mtima amayamba kufika 10 mpaka 15 pafupipafupi m'madera otuluka mumzinda wa Chernobyl, omwe amakhala m'madera okwana makilomita 18, komanso anthu okhala m'madera oipitsidwa ndi dzuwa, poyerekezera ndi anthu ambiri.
- Matenda a matenda a Endocrine, matenda okhudzana ndi zakudya, matenda opatsirana, ndi matenda a chitetezo cha mthupi anali oposa awiri omwe amapezeka pakati pa anthu othawa kwawo omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita 18 ndi omwe anali m'madera osokonezeka, poyerekezera ndi anthu onse a ku Belarus.
- M'madera okhudza dziko la Russia ku Chernobyl, kuwonjezeka kwa kasanu ndi katatu kunatetezedwa kwambiri. Makamaka, kuchepa kwa maselo oyera a magazi kunawonekera, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa ntchito za T-lymphocytes ndi maselo opha, komanso matenda akuluakulu monga thrombocytopenia ndi kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi.
- Kafukufuku wa anthu ambiri a ku Ukraine asanafike ndi pambuyo pa ngozi ya Chernobyl anavumbula kuwonjezeka kwapakati pa kasanu ndi kamodzi pa kusintha kwa dzuwa komwe kunayambitsa matenda a chromosomal, chochitika chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chimanyamulidwira kwa ana awo. Zolemba za Chromosomal zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Chernobyl zalembedwa kutali kwambiri monga Austria, Germany ndi Norway.
- Ngakhale magulu ochepa a ma radiation angapangitse kuwonongeka kwa kayendedwe ka mantha ndi pakati. N'zovuta kufufuza mmene mazira a Chernobyl akuwonongera, koma owononga zinthu ochokera ku Russia, anafotokoza kuti matenda a ubongo ndi achiwiri kwambiri pambuyo pa Chernobyl. Kuvutika kwa maganizo ndi matenda a anthu pakati pa anthu akuluakulu m'madera oundana ndi mazira a Belarus anali ochuluka kwambiri kuposa omwe amapezeka m'madera osakhudzidwa (31.2% poyerekeza ndi 18.0%).
Greenpeace si gulu lokhalo lokhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za thanzi la Chernobyl.
M'nkhani imene inalembedwa m'nyuzipepala ya Journal on Environmental Health Perspectives, asayansi a ku Moscow anapereka umboni wosonyeza kuti kutulutsa zida za nyukiliya kungakhale kochulukitsa kawiri kuposa momwe kunanenedwa. Malinga ndi asayansi a ku Moscow, zokhazokha 10 mpaka 15% mwa zipangizo zowonongeka zowonongeka kwenikweni zinali zitasindikizidwa kuti zisindikizidwe mu dongosolo la sarcophagus lomwe linayambitsa chivomezi choonongeka, poyerekeza ndi 90% yomwe inanenedwa ndi olamulira. Iwo anatsimikiza kuti mawonekedwe a ma radiation anali, ochuluka kwambiri kuposa asayansi ena amaganiza.
Ngakhale bungwe la World Health Organisation (WHO) likuyesa kuti magulu a anthu omwe amapezeka m'madera oyandikana nawo akuwoneka bwino, amatsutsana ndi ziwerengero za WHO, kusonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha ma chromosome chosakhazikika ndi chokhazikika chinali pafupifupi 10 mpaka 100 kuposa momwe angaganizire, komanso chosagwirizana kumasulidwa kwakukulu kwa radioactivity kuposa zomwe zinanenedwa.
Ndiponso, miyeso yapamwamba ya imfa ndi zopweteka pakati pa ana obadwa anawonekera ku Germany, Poland, Central Europe, Turkey, ndi dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union utangotulukira kuphulika kwa Chernobyl.
Kunja kwa malo omwe nthawi yomweyo anakhudzidwa kwambiri ku Belarus, Ukraine, ndi Russia, kugwa kwa Chernobyl kunakhudza. Malingana ndi ochita kafukufuku, Ulaya oposa 40 peresenti anaipitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa Chernobyl, ndipo zotsatira za thanzi kuchokera ku chromosomal zimasintha ku matenda opatsirana komanso khansa ya chithokomiro zinalembedwa m'mayiko ochokera ku Norway kupita ku Turkey.
- Kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera, kuchokera ku Germany kupita ku Bulgaria kupita ku Bulgaria ndi ku Turkey, kuwonjezeka kwa malingaliro pa kubadwa kunalembedwa kwa ana amene anadziwika kuti asanabadwe. Izi zinaphatikizapo matenda otchedwa Down syndrome, omwe amapezeka m'mabuku okwana 1 mwa 1,000, koma adakwera kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi ku Scandinavia. Kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero kunaonekera mu Januwale 1987, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ana omwe ali ndi pakati pa nthawi yotsika ya Chernobyl (Sperling et al. 1994b). Ana omwe anabadwira kummawa kwa Romania pakati pa July 1, 1986 ndi December 31, 1987 amakhalanso odwala matenda a khansa kusiyana ndi omwe anabadwa kale kapena pambuyo pake.
- Kum'maŵa kwa Austria m'masabata pambuyo pa ngoziyi, masamba monga sipinachi ndi saladi sankaloledwa kugulitsidwa kwa anthu. Mkaka, makamaka mkaka wochokera kumapiri a alpine, unaipitsidwa kwa zoposa chaka. M'madera opanda mvula, makamaka kummawa kwa Austria, mazira a iodine m'mlengalenga anali apamwamba pa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri pamene mtambo wa radioactive unadutsa. Madokotala m'madera amenewa adanena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a chithokomiro chinawonjezeka kuyambira 1990 kupita patsogolo.
- Pafupifupi 3,000 okonza mafakitale anabwera kuchokera ku Armenia; Ana makumi asanu ndi atatu a amunawa anaphunziridwa ndipo akupezeka kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino, mavuto omwe amakhalapo kuphatikizapo pyelonephritis yachiwiri, mavuto a m'mimba, matumbo, matenda a hypertherm and epilepsy. Ana 15 okha (27.3%) adatchulidwa kuti "ali ndi thanzi labwino."
- Czech Republic inalandira kuwonongeka komwe kunayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwapamwamba, nayenso. Kafukufuku wa khansa ya chithokomiro yomwe imakhudza anthu 247 miliyoni-zaka anapeza kuti pakati pa 1976 ndi 1990, khansa ya chithokomiro inkafika pa 2% pachaka. Komabe, kuyambira 1990 kupita patsogolo, chiŵerengerochi chinawonjezeka pamwamba pa 2% kuwonjezeka pachaka.
- Khansara ya chithokomiro inakwera kwambiri kumpoto kwa England, ndipo inali ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ku Cumbria, dera limene linagwera kwambiri pa ngoziyi.
Poland inachitapo kanthu mwamphamvu pofuna kuteteza anthu ake. Anthu ambiri sakudziwa kuti Chernobyl inali gawo la Poland kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Masiku ano, ku Poland kuyankha kwa Chernobyl kumaonedwa kuti ndi chitsanzo chothandizira kuti anthu azikhala ndi thanzi la nyukiliya. Pambuyo pa ngozi ya Chernobyl, Poland inagawira mapiritsi a iodide potaziyamu kwa nzika zake zambiri. Mapiritsiwa anadzaza chithokomiro ndi ayodini, pofuna kuti anthu a ku Poland asatengeke ndi ayodini pambuyo pa ngozi ya Chernobyl. Ochita kafukufuku ndi odwala matenda a epidemiologist amakhulupirira kuti izi zathandiza kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa khansara monga zomwe zimawonedwa m'madera oyandikana ndi Chernobyl.
Chernobyl: Kodi Zophunzira Zaphunziramo?
Zambiri mwa zomwe timadziwa lero za momwe tingatetezere anthu pangozi ya nyukiliya inabwera chifukwa cha anthu amene ankakhala ku Chernobyl. Timadziwa kupanga ndi kumanga makina opanga mavitamini omwe amatha kukhala ndi ma radiation mu kusungunuka kwathunthu.
Kuchokera ku chithandizo cha chithokomiro, timakhalanso ndi lingaliro labwino la kuyerekezera - khansa ya chithokomiro idawuka mwa iwo omwe sanatetezedwe ndi iodide ya potaziyamu komanso mwa iwo omwe amamwa mkaka woipitsidwa ndi kugwa.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, madokotala ndi ochita kafukufuku amene analembapo za GreenPeace "Lipoti la Chernobyl" linati: "Pozindikira kumvetsa kwathunthu za ngozi yaikulu ya nyukiliya yokhudza thanzi la anthu, zikuwoneka kuti sitikupita patsogolo kuposa momwe tinalili kale kuphulika kwa Chernobyl zaka 20 zapitazo. "
Zimenezi zinadziwika pambuyo pa chivomezi cha March 2011 ndi tsunami ku Japan, zomwe zinayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa nyuzipepala ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima. Nkhondo ya ku Japan inakwana zaka zosakwana 25 mpaka tsiku lotsatira Chernobyl. Komabe ngakhale ndi zaka zambiri zapakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazi ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya, m'dziko lomwe likudalira kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya, Japan yasonyeza kulankhulana kosamvetsetseka ndi kayendetsedwe ka nkhaniyi, kuphatikizapo ndondomeko zowonongeka zotsutsana, komanso kusowa kwa iodide ya potassium zigawo zazikulu. Panthawiyi, padziko lonse lapansi, pakhala kusowa kumvetsetsa zomwe iodide ya potaziyamu ikhoza - ndipo sungakhoze kuchita muzidzidzidzi zoopsa; pakhala pali kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa iodide ya potaziyamu kunja kwa Japan, kusokonezeka kwa nsomba, ndi zina zambiri zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuthetsedwa. sizikuonekeratu kuti maphunziro ambiri ofunika kwambiri a Chernobyl adaphunziradi.
Mawu a M'munsi
(1) Yunivesite ya United Nations "Njira Yowonongeka Kwambiri: Zomwe Anthu Amayankha ku Masoka Achilengedwe" lolembedwa ndi James Mitchell © 1996
(2) http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf
(3) http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0h.htm
(4) http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
(5) http://www.endocrineweb.com/news/thyroid-cancer/4780-un-releases-report-chernobyl-survivors-thyroid-cancer
(6) http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/thyroid-cancers-in-ukraine-related-to-the-chernobyl-accident/
(7) http://www.time.com/time/daily/chernobyl/891113.coverup.html
(8) http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3175469.htm
(9) http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf)
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867971
Zolemba
- http://www.naturalnews.com/031793_hyperthyroidism_radiation.html
- http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/svc-grp-further-info.pag?mode=open&sid=94934299
- http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/544071
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/thyroid.shtml
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl/faqs.shtml
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881739
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966081
- http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/thyroid-cancers-in-ukraine-related-to-the-chernobyl-accident/
- http://www.endocrineweb.com/news/thyroid-cancer/4780-un-releases-report-chernobyl-survivors-thyroid-cancer
- http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/chernobyl.html
- http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0j.htm
- http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0h.htm
- http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
- http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3175469.htm
- http://inthesenewtimes.com/2011/04/02/the-chernobyl-nuclear-catastrophe-unacknowledged-health-detriment/
- http://abcnewsradioonline.com/health-news/higher-cancer-risk-continues-after-chernobyl.html
- http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs303/en/index.html
- http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf
- http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art410fr.htm
- http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/739180
- http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtPrint/WSIHW000/24479/36146/1394299.html?d=dmtContent&hide=t&k=PasePrint
- http://www.healthvermont.gov/enviro/rad/KI_fact.aspx
Lisa Moretti wochita kafukufuku wathandizira pa nkhaniyi.