Kodi matenda a ana ndi otani? Limeneli ndi funso losavuta kwa anthu ambiri, makamaka omwe anapita kwa dokotala wa ana ali ana. Mankhwala ndi ofesi chabe ya mankhwala kwa ana, chabwino?
Izi ndi zoona, koma madokotala amene amapita kuchipatala akhala akudziŵa kuti ana sali ochepa chabe. Ana obadwa kumene, achichepere, ana a sukulu, ngakhale achinyamata amakhala ndi zofunikira ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana za thupi ndi zovuta kusiyana ndi akulu.
Madokotala a ana amaonetsetsa zosowa zonse za ana kuyambira ali ndi zaka 21.
Mbiri ya Matenda
Ngakhale madokotala achikhalidwe akhala akukhalapo kuyambira Hippocrates ku Girisi wakale-ndipo mwinamwake musanayambe ngati mukuwona njira zamankhwala zosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zamadzulo-zakubwereka ndi nthambi yatsopano ya mankhwala.
Akatswiri a ana amakono amachokera ku mapangidwe a American Pediatric Society ndi American Academy of Pediatrics. Monga momwe zilili ndi zofunikira zina zachipatala, kupita ku chidziwitso cha ana akuwoneka ngati kusanduka pambuyo pa American Medical Association kukakamiza kukonzanso ndikukonzanso maphunziro azachipatala kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20.
Atsogoleri oyambirira pa matenda a ana, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa abambo a ana, akuphatikizapo Drs. Abraham Jacobi, Osler, Rotch ndi Wocheperapo.
Ndipotu, mu ndondomeko yawo ya "Udindo wa Ana Pachipatala," American Academy of Pediatrics imamutcha Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) "woyambitsa chilango cha matenda a ana." Atabadwira ndi kuphunzitsidwa ku Germany, Jacobi anafika ku New York City ndipo anayamba kuchita ndi kuphunzitsa ana.
Kuwonjezera pa kukhala wolimbikitsira kwambiri kuyamwitsa, Dr. Jacobi anachenjeza kuti amayi omwe sanayambe kuyamwa sayenera kupereka mkaka wa amphaka a amphaka ndi kuwafotokozera mfundo ya kuphunzitsa kwa ophunzira.
Zochitika Zakale Kwambiri pa Matenda
Zina mwa zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zachitika pachiyambi cha ana akuphatikizapo:
- Edward Jenner adayezetsa zomwe zinayambitsa katemera woyamba mu 1796
- Dr. Eli Ives anapereka maphunziro kwa ophunzira azachipatala ku Yale za matenda a ana ndi nkhani zina zachipatala pakati pa 1813 ndi 1852
- Mabuku awiri oyambirira a ana akufalitsidwa mu 1825, "Kuchitira Ana Zachilengedwe ndi Zochipatala" ndi Dr. William Potts Dewees ndi "Zochitika Zowona pa Matenda a Ana" ndi Dr. George Logan
- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell akukhala mkazi woyamba kuphunzira ku sukulu ya zachipatala ku United States mu 1849 ndikupitiriza kuphunzira pazipatala za ku London, Scotland, ndi Paris, kubwerera kukathandiza ku New York Infirmary kwa Akazi ndi Ana
- Ana a Hospital of Philadelphia amakhazikitsidwa mu 1854 ndipo akukhala chipatala cha ana oyambirira a America
- Nyuzipepala ya Medical New York imayambira kafukufuku wokhazikika pa matenda a ana mu 1860
- Louis Pasteur akuitanitsa kuperekera zakudya m'chaka cha 1862, ndipo kenaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azisunga mkaka mwa Franz von Soxhlet mu 1886
- Dr. Abraham Jacobi amayamba "American Journal of Obstetrics ndi Matenda a Akazi ndi Ana" mu 1868
- Mu 1872, Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi anakhala mkazi woyamba kukhala membala wa Academy of Medicine. Anatsegulanso ward ya ana ku New York Infirmary mu 1886.
- Dr. Frederick Forchheimer ndi dokotala wamkulu pamene nyumba ya ana odwala ku Cincinnati, Ohio, imatsegulidwa mu 1883 - chipatala cha ana oyambirira ku Midwest
- Magazini yoyamba ya Archives of Pediatrics inafalitsidwa mu 1884
- Bungwe la American Pediatric Society linakhazikitsidwa mu 1888, ndi Dr. Job Lewis Smith, ndi Dr. Abraham Jacobi pokhala purezidenti wawo woyamba, amene pambuyo pake akukhala pulezidenti wa AMA
- Dr. Thomas Morgan Rotch amalembedwa pulofesa wotsatira wa America wamba wa ana ku Harvard Medical School mu 1893
- Dr. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall ndiye woyamba kuzindikira kuti matenda a Hodgkin anali matenda a maselo a magazi osati mtundu wina wa chifuwa chachikulu mu 1901. Pambuyo pake adachita maphunziro a ana ndipo anafufuza pazinthu zaumoyo za ana ku Bungwe la Ana ku Washington DC, kuphatikizapo Kukula kwa kukula ndi miyezo ya kukula kwa ana.
- "American Journal of Diseases in Children," yofalitsidwa ndi AMA ndipo tsopano yotchedwa "Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine," imayamba kufalitsa mu January 1911
- Mliri wamakono wa polio unayamba kuchitika ku United States mu 1916
- Sir Edward Mellanby, dokotala ku London, amapeza kuti mafuta a chiwindi amatha kulandira mankhwala
- Dr. Emily Partridge Bacon anakhala adokotala woyamba ku Philadelphia (1918). Zina mwazinthu zomwe adalengeza ndizo chipatala cha "khanda labwino".
- Dr. Jessie Boyd Mlembi anali mmodzi mwa amayi oyambirira kuphunzira ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku yunivesite ya McGill ku Montreal, Canada. Anakhala purezidenti wa Canada Pediatric Society mu 1952 ndipo adali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa odwala matenda a neonatologists ku Canada.
- Chithandizo cha diphtheria chinayambika mu 1923, posakhalitsa chitetezo cha pertussis ( chifuwa cha chifuwa ) mu 1926
- Dr. JP Crozier amayamba kufalitsa buku lake la matenda a ana "Matenda a Ana ndi Ana," omwe potsiriza amakhala buku la Nelson Pediatrics limene likugwiritsabe ntchito lero
- Alexander Fleming amapeza penicillin mu 1928, ngakhale kuti zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi 50s zapangidwe penicillin monga antibiotic
- The American Academy of Pediatrics imakhazikitsidwa pa June 23, 1930, ndi kagulu ka ana a 35 ku Detroit, Michigan
- Bungwe la American Board of Pediatrics, bungwe lovomerezeka la American Board of Medical Specialties, linakhazikitsidwa mu 1933
- Milandu imayamba kuchepa monga mkaka umayamba kumangiriridwa ndi vitamini D mu 1933
- Kafukufuku akufotokozedwa za kugwiritsa ntchito benzedrine (mawonekedwe a amphetamine) ana omwe ali ndi mavuto a khalidwe mu 1937 ndi Dr. Charles Bradley
- Dr. Dorothy Hansine Andersen anali katswiri wa matenda a maganizo ndipo mu 1938, anakhala munthu woyamba kuzindikira kuti cystic fibrosis inali matenda. Anathandizanso kukhazikitsa mayesero oyambirira kuti athandizidwe kuwona CF.
- Hattie Elizabeth Alexander, MD anali adokotala komanso katswiri wa tizilombo ku chipatala cha Babies '(omwe tsopano ndi NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital) omwe adapanga chithandizo cha Hib meningitis m'zaka za m'ma 1940 zomwe zinali zothandiza kwambiri kuposa mankhwala oyamba. Anazindikiritsanso kuti ma antibayotiki amatsutsana ndi mabakiteriya a Haemophilus influenzae .
- Dokotala William E. Ladd ndi Robert E. Gross (omwe anagwira ntchito yoyamba ya PDA zaka zitatu zapitazo) akufalitsa buku loyamba la ma opaleshoni la ana mu 1941, "Opaleshoni ya m'mimba ya Infancy ndi Childhood"
- Dr. Norman M. Gregg akufotokozera za matenda a congenital rubella mu 1941
- Dr. Helen Taussig ndi Dr. Alfred Blalock amagwira ntchito yochizira opaleshoni yokwanira kwa ana omwe ali ndi Tetralogy wa Fallot mu 1943
- Dr. RL Jackson ndi Akazi HG Kelly akufalitsa oyamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito masatidwe a kukula kwa ana mu 1944
- Kope loyamba la "Baby ndi Child Care" lofalitsidwa ndi Dr. Benjamin Spock mu 1946
- Pulogalamu yoyamba yokhala ndi ana odwala matenda a ana akuyamba ku Boston's Chelsea Naval Base mu November 1946, ngakhale adokotala anali atatumikira kale ku Army and Navy Medical Corps, kuphatikizapo ana oposa 900 a m'Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse
- C. Everett Koop, MD akukhala opaleshoni wamkulu pa Children's Hospital of Philadelphia cha m'ma 1947
- Martha May Eliot, MD akukhala mkazi woyamba kuti asankhidwe purezidenti wa American Public Health Association ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi "mmodzi mwa ana opambana kwambiri a ana kuti azikhala ndi maudindo akuluakulu ku United States pa ntchito yayikulu komanso yolemekezeka."
- Magazini yoyamba ya Pediatrics, magazini ya American Academy of Pediatrics imafalitsidwa mu 1948
- Kafukufuku wina mu 1948 anasonyeza kuti 58 peresenti yokha ya ana omwe anabadwa atatuluka m'chipatala asanakwanitse masiku asanu ndi atatu ndipo 35% anali atapatsidwa botolo, 27% anadyetsedwa kuchokera m'mawere onse ndi botolo ndipo 38 peresenti okha
- Margaret Morgan Lawrence, MD anali mwana wamaganizo a ana ndipo anali azimayi oyambirira a ku America kuti azivomerezedwa ndi American Board of Pediatrics komanso a African American woyamba kukwaniritsa malo okhala ku New York Psychiatric Institute (1948).
- Dr. Roland B. Scott, yemwe anali pulezidenti wa ana pa yunivesite ya Howard kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1973 ndipo adakhala woyamba ku America ndi American American Pediatric Society mu 1952, mwinamwake ndi mwana woyamba wakuda ku United States
- Mu 1949, Dr. Edith M. Lincoln, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa chipatala cha chifuwa cha ana ku chipatala cha Bellevue Hospital ku New York City kuyambira 1922, anachiza ana khumi ndi anayi ndi matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito tuberculosis, omwe nthawi zambiri ankafa.
- Buku la Harriet Lane Handbook linayambitsidwa koyamba mu 1950, ndipo nthawi yayitali imakhala yowunikira kwa anthu odwala
- Mu 1951, Dr. Natalia Tanner anakhala munthu woyamba ku America wa American Academy of Pediatrics ndipo "adachita nawo ntchito yowonjezera kulandira chithandizo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo chamankhwala."
Zochitika Zamakono Zamakono pa Matenda
Kuwonjezera pa zochitika zoyambirira m'mabanja, zochitika zina zofunika ndizo:
- Dr Virginia Apgar, katswiri wa zamagetsi, amayamba mapepala a Apgar mu 1952, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa yankho la mwana kuukitsidwa mwamsanga atangobadwa
- Katherine Dodd, MD anakhala mayi woyamba kuti apange Dipatimenti Yachipatala mu sukulu ya zachipatala ku United States mu 1952 - University of Arkansas Medical Center.
- Dr. Edward Press ndi Louis Gdalman, katswiri wa zamalonda ku Chicago, ayambitsa malo oyamba olamulira poizoni mu 1953, makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito ya George M. Wheatley, MD ndi ntchito yake yopezera chitetezo cha ana komanso chiopsezo cha ana poizoni
- Jonas Salk akuyamba katemera wake wa poliyo mu 1952, ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuthetsa poliyo ku US mpaka katemera wamoyo wa oral polio analoledwa ndi Albert Sabin mu 1962
- Ana 56 ali ndi polio mu 1956 kuchokera ku katemera woipa wa polio zomwe zimadziwika kuti Incterta Incident
- Kafukufuku wina mu 1956 wa ana obadwa pakamwa pafupipafupi (kawirikawiri pa masiku 4 kapena asanu a moyo) tsopano akuwonetsa kuti 63 peresenti anali atamwa botolo, 16% anadyetsedwa kuchokera m'mawere onse ndi botolo ndipo 21 peresenti yokha ndi omwe ankamwa mkaka wokha
- Lamulo la La Leche linakhazikitsidwa mu 1956 pofuna kulimbikitsa kuyamwitsa ndi kusinthira njira zowonjezera mu zakudya zamabotolo
- Dr. Ethel Collins Dunham anasindikiza Malamulo ndi Malingaliro pa Chipatala cha Achinyamata Atabadwa kumene, Nthawi Yathunthu, ndi Yakale mu 1936 ndipo mu 1957 analandira John Howland Medal ku American Pediatric Society, ulemu wawo waukulu.
- Frances Kelsy, Ph.D. inaletsa kugulitsa kwa thalidomide ku US pamene akugwira ntchito ku FDA mu 1960, mankhwala omwe posakhalitsa anagwirizanitsidwa ndi zilema zobereka m'mayiko oposa 40 omwe adalandira mapiritsi ogona omwe anapatsidwa kwa amayi apakati.
- Mankhwala a mwana wamakono amayamba kugulitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndipo akuphatikizapo Lactum, Similac, Enfamil, ndi SMA, omwe amalimbana ndi mkaka wothandizira mwana (mkaka wosasunthika kuphatikiza madzi ndi shuga wambiri, monga Dextri-Maltose) ndi kuyamwitsa
- Dr. C. Henry Kempe akufalitsa pepala loyamba lokhudza nkhanza za ana, "The Battered Child Syndrome," mu 1962, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga mapulogalamu kuti ateteze ndi kuchitira nkhanza ana
- Malangizowo amapangidwa chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwa madzi kwa madzi akumwa mumzinda pakati pa 0.7 ndi 1.2 ppm mu 1962
- Dr. Robert Guthrie akuyesa kuyesa Guthrie kuti awonetse ana obadwa kwa phenylketonuria ( PKU ) mu 1963
- Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis amapanga mapepala ake a mankhwala otsegula m'mimba (ORT) kuti athetse odwala otsekula m'mimba ku Calcutta, India mu 1966
- Dokotala Forrest Bird akuitana mwana wa mbalame mu 1970, yoyamba yotulutsa mpweya wambiri, yomwe imatulutsa mpweya, atatha kupanga mapulogalamu oyambirira opanga mpweya m'ma 1950s ndi 60s.
- Kuwombera kwa Nestle kumayambika mu 1977 pofuna kutsutsa makampani opititsa ana akuyamwitsa m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha kuchepetsa ana ndi kuchepa kwa ana, makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi abwino akumwa m'mayikowa
- Bungwe la Consumer Product Safety Commission limaletsa kupenta mu 1978
- Autism imadziwika ngati matenda osiyana mu DSM-III mu 1980, ngakhale kuti zizindikiro za autism ndi makhalidwe zinafotokozedwa kuyambira 1911
- Panali ma Hib meningitis a ma 8,000 mpaka 10,000 ku US chaka chilichonse kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, ndipo ana aamuna 240 mpaka 770 anamwalira, komanso zina 6,000 za matenda ena akuluakulu omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya a Hib, kuphatikizapo epiglottitis, chibayo, cellulitis, ndi maberemeremia
- Ndondomeko yoyenera kuteteza ana mu 1983 inali ndi katemera 4 (DTP, OPV, MMR, Td)
- Katemera wa Hib umalimbikitsidwa kwa ana onse a zaka 18 mpaka 59 mu 1988 ndipo kenaka amafutukulidwa kwa ana onse kuyambira pa miyezi iwiri mu 1990
- Kubwezera kumbuyo kwa kamponopang'ono kumathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri ngozi ya SIDS.
- Ngakhale kuti zinayambira pang'onopang'ono kuyambira mu 1973, mpaka chaka cha 1996 kuti kugulitsa mafuta oyendetsa mafuta akuletsedwa kwathunthu ku US
- Mu 1986, Dr. Mayilyn Hughes Gaston akufalitsa kafukufuku wa dziko lonse lapansi kuti zitsimikizirika kuti mphamvu ya penicillin imathandiza kupewa matenda a ana omwe ali ndi matenda a sickle cell omwe amasonyeza kuti ana onse obadwa kumene ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa matenda a sickle cell.
- Pofika m'chaka cha 1997, chiwerengero cha ma Hib omwe anali ataphedwa chiwerengero cha a Hibvunda chinachepera 99%
- Ambiri amayamba kuyambitsa mapulogalamu owonetsa ana obadwa kumene kuti awonetsere zochitika zapakati pa 25 mpaka 40 kapena zambiri kuzungulira chaka cha 2004, potsata zovuta za anthu kuti agwiritse ntchito teknoloji ya masewera ochuluka omwe akhala akuzungulira kuyambira 1996
- CDC imatulutsa phunziro mu 2007 lomwe limafotokoza kuti autism ali ndi ana 1 mwa ana 150
- Bungwe Loona za Umoyo pa Dziko Lonse likulengeza kuyambika kwa mliri wa nthendayi wa H1N1 wa 2009 pa June 11, 2009
- Katemera wa HPV, omwe amavomerezedwa m'chaka cha 2009, amavomereza ku Gardasil (katemera wina wa HPV) pulogalamu ya katemera pofuna kuteteza ana ku mndandanda wa matenda omwe amapewa katemera, kuphatikizapo nkhukupo (Varivax), matenda a pneumococcal (Prevnar 13) , rotavirus (Rotateq ndi Rotarix), matenda a meningococcal (Menactra), ndi hepatitis A, omwe mavitamini avomerezedwa kuyambira katemera wa hepatitis B kuwonjezera pa ndondomeko ya katemera m'chaka cha 1994.
- Katemera wa chimfine wokhazikika amakhalapo nthawi ya chimfine cha 2013-14. Zosankha zamakono opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito chimfine zimateteza chitetezo chamagazi anayi.
- HPV 9 inavomerezedwa mu 2014.
- Mankhwala awiri Amuna B adavomerezedwa mu 2014.
Kukhala dokotala wa ana
Pambuyo pa koleji, ophunzira omwe akufuna kukhala adokotala amatenga MCAT ndiyeno amapita ku sukulu ya zamankhwala 125 yogwirizana ndi odwala matenda odwala matenda osteopathic kuti akhale dokotala woyamba.
Pambuyo pa zaka zinayi za sukulu ya zachipatala, zaka zitatu zoyamwitsa ana akukonzekereni kuti mukhale ndi ntchito zambiri pa matenda a ana.
Madokotala a Ana
Kuphatikiza pa matenda a ana onse, ana amatha kusankha kusankha mwapadera, kuphatikizapo:
- Medicine Wachikulire
- Matenda a Gastroenterology
- Matenda a Zanyama
- Matenda a Hematology-Oncology
- Kuzunza Ana
- Matenda Ochepetsa Matenda
- Matenda Ovuta Othandiza Mankhwala
- Mankhwala a Neonatal-Perinatal
- Matenda Othandiza Kukula
- Matenda a Nephrology
- Matenda a Emergency Medicine
- Pulmonology
- Matenda a Endocrinology
- Matenda a Rheumatology
Akatswiri ena a zachipatala, monga dokotala wa opaleshoni a ana, radiologist wa ana, kapena mwana wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, ndi zina zotero, sikuti ali ana aang'ono, koma m'malo mwake, amaphunzitsidwa m'madera awo, kenaka amaphunzitsidwa ana ena apadera.
> Zotsatira:
> Ndemanga ya American Academy of Pediatrics Policy. Udindo wa Ana Pachipatala. Matenda Odwala Vol. 115 No. 4 April 2005, tsamba 1092-1094.
> American Academy of Pediatrics. Matenda Achimereka: Zofunika Kwambiri ku Millennium. Komiti Yoyang'anira Zakale Zakale. Matenda a TB 2001; 107; 1482-1491
> CDC. Zochitika Zamakono Kupewa Mavuto Aakulu a Haemophilus influenzae > Mtundu b Matenda >. MMWR. December 24, 1982/31 (50); 672-674,679-680.
> Charles W. Callahan. Mbiri Yopereka Zachimuna Zachimuna: Zaka 50 za Kuphunzitsidwa ndi Kutumiza Odwala Ana Osagwirizana. Matenda Odwala Vol. 103 No. 6 June 1999, masamba 1298-1303.
> Edmund C. Burke. Abraham Jacobi, MD: Munthu ndi Cholowa Chake. Matenda a ana, Feb 1998; 101: 309 - 312.
> Herman F. Meyer. KUFUPA KWAMBIRI KU UNITED STATES: KUTHANDIZA KWAMBIRI NDIPO N'KOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI: Kafukufuku wa 1,904 Achipatala omwe ali ndi miyezi iwiri ndi yowirikiza mamiliyoni obadwa mu 1956. Matenda, Jul 1958; 22: 116 - 121.
Katherine Bain Kuwonjezeka kwa Kudyetsa Amayi M'zipatala ku United States. Matenda, Sep 1948; 2: 313 - 320.
> Robert C. Brownlee, MD. Mbiri ya Ana. American Board of Pediatrics: Chiyambi Chake ndi Mbiri Yakale. Matenda, Nov 1994; 94: 732 - 735.
> Azimayi omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso matenda a ana: Zochitika m'mbiri. Matenda, Apr 1983; 71: 681 - 687