Ndalama Yaikulu Yopanga Khansa Yopanga Lonjezo
Kwa zaka zingapo, zitseko zogulitsa sitolo zinatsegulidwa kwambiri, ndipo zolemberazo zinasiyidwa mosagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda wogulitsa m'masitolo. Ine mophiphiritsira ndikukamba za nthawi yowonjezera ya nyimbo zachiphamaso zoimba nyimbo zomwe zinachitika panthawi yazaka chikwi. Kuphulika kumeneku mwauchidakwa makamaka kumayanjanirana ndi Napster, utumiki wothandizira mafayilo a anzawo (P2P) omwe amalola mamiliyoni ambiri kugawa ma MP3 (mafayilo ojambula a digito) kwaulere.
Chilengedwe ndi kufalikira kwafala kwa Napster chinali chokhumudwitsa kwa makampani ojambula. Sean Parker ndi omwe anayambitsa ntchito yogawira mafano posakhalitsa anachititsa makampani ojambula nyimbo, popeza tonsefe tingayamikire tsopano, kugawana nyimbo zovomerezeka, kapena kubala, ndikuba. Pasanathe zaka ziwiri, Napster anali atasiya ntchito yake yogawira nyimbo.
Ngakhale kuti piracy akadali vuto lalikulu - BitTorrent ndi njira ina yogawana deta monga nyimbo ndi mafilimu ndi ena - Napster anali omasuka kuti azigwiritsa ntchito. Napster anasintha njira yomwe tinayang'ana momwe tingapezere nyimbo, ndipo anthu ambiri omwe tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito sitolo ya iTunes adayambitsa ndondomeko yokopera nyimbo pogwiritsa ntchito Napster.
Napster angakhale atapita koma Sean Parker, mmodzi wa olenga ake, ali wamoyo ndipo ali bwino. Mu April 2016, Parker anapanga mitu yokhudza ndalama zokwana $ 250 miliyoni pofuna kufufuza za immunotherapy kuti azigawidwa ndi khansa zisanu ndi imodzi, kuphatikizapo Stanford ndi Memorial Sloan Kettering.
Sean Parker: Chingwe cha Wunderkind ndi Wopambana Wokonda
Napster sanali kulephera; Ndipotu, kunali kupambana kwakukulu, ndipo ambiri amakayikira kuti inali bizinesi yowonjezereka yowirira. Komabe, anthu anali kugwiritsa ntchito Napster kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwa, chifukwa chake anafunika kutseka.
Pambuyo pa kutha kwa Napster monga tinkadziwira - mtunduwu unadutsa maulendo angapo asanakhalepo mu 2011 - Parker anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Iye adayambitsa maziko a webusaitiyi, Plaxo, ntchito yomwe adachotsedwa posachedwa. Kenaka mu 2004, ali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri, Parker adasunthira miyandamiyanda ndipo adasintha dziko lapansi: Anakhala pulezidenti wa Facebook.
Monga pulezidenti wa Facebook, Parker anatenga chiyambi choyamba ndikuchidziwitsa dziko lapansi. Anabweretsa osunga ndalama ndikuthandizira kupanga malowa. Zedi, Mark Zuckerberg akhoza kubwera ndi Facebook, koma Facebook ndi zomwe zili lero chifukwa cha Parker.
Parker nthawizonse wakhala wovuta kwambiri wovumbulutsira ndi wamkulu spender. Mu 2013, adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana madola 10 miliyoni pa ukwati pa malo omwe ali pa Big Sur. Anayenera kulipira ndalama zokwana madola 2.5 miliyoni ku California pofuna kumanga nyumba yachinyumba, mabwinja abodza, mathithi ndi kuvina kofiira pafupi ndi malo othawirako nyama zakutchire.
Mu 2005 pamene anali pulezidenti wa Facebook, Parker adathamangitsidwa chifukwa cha cocaine ndipo adachoka ku kampaniyo. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwake ndi Facebook, Parker amayamikira $ 3.5 biliyoni.
Zaka zotsatira atachoka pa Facebook, Parker anatembenuka mtima kwambiri kuti athandizidwe. Mu June 2015, Parker anapereka ndalama zokwana madola 600 miliyoni ku Parker Foundation.
Malinga ndi webusaiti ya Parker Foundation:
Makhalidwewa amapanga chithandizo cha mbiri yakale ya Sean ndipo amachititsa patsogolo ntchito yake yopanga upainiya, zofalitsa, makampani, ndi ndondomeko za boma. Kuchokera ku San Francisco, mazikowo amayesetsa kuti azitsatira mwakuya kusintha kwakukulu m'zinthu zitatu zofunikira: Sciences Life, Global Public Health, ndi Civic Engagement.
Mu April 2016, Parker Foundation inapereka $ 250 miliyoni kuti akhazikitse Parker Institute ya Cancer Immunotherapy. (Zikuoneka kuti Parker amakonda kutchula dzina lake lothandiza pambuyo pake.)
Kodi Immunotherapy N'chiyani?
Kukula m'thupi lathu kumachitika chifukwa cha njira zovuta zozindikiritsira zomwe zimapereka zizindikiro za chilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu achilengedwe. Pofuna kusankha zochita za anthu achilengedwe, ofufuza adatha kulimbana ndi khansa.
Mankhwala, monga interleukins, interferons ndi ma cytokine osiyanasiyana , angapangidwe mu labu. Kuwonjezera apo, makina opanga, omwe amafanizira kupanga chilengedwe, angathenso kupangidwa mu labu.
Mankhwala oterewa ndi othandizira angaperekedwe kwa nyansi ndi kukula kwa maselo a khansa kapena kupatsa maselo abwino kuti athetse kukula kwa maselo a kansa. Kugwiritsira ntchito mawotchi omwe amachititsa chitetezo cha mthupi kumatchedwa immunotherapy .
Mbiri Yachidule ya Immunotherapy
Mfundo yaikulu yomwe imayambitsa matendawa - kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha m'thupi pofuna kuthetsa khansa - sizatsopano. Anthu adayankha mfundo imeneyi mmbuyomu m'zaka za zana la 19. Komanso pakati pa 1890 ndi 1960, ochita kafukufuku osiyanasiyana anayesera kupatsirana odwala khansa pogwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya kuti athetse khansa; Zotsatira zamayesero awa zidasakanizidwa.
Zaka za m'ma 1980 sitinaphunzire zambiri zokhudza chitetezo cha mthupi. Makamaka m'zaka za m'ma 1980, ofufuza anapeza awiri omwe amapangitsa kuti timvetse bwino za chitetezo cha mthupi: chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti MHC ndi T-cell receptor (TCR). Zomwe anapezazi zinapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kukumana ndi mayesero akale. Komabe, kupambana kwenikweni kwa mphamvu ya immunotherapy sikunapitirire mpaka tidziwa bwino T-cell ntchito komanso costimulatory ndi coinhibitor molecules. Chonde kumbukirani kuti chitetezo cha mthupi sichingatheke mosavuta komanso kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake polimbana ndi matenda, tifunikira kumvetsa bwino zochita zake.
Mfundo 3 Zomwe Zimayambitsa Khansa Immunology ndi Immunotherapy
Pali mfundo zitatu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a khansa komanso kuteteza anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa.
Mfundo yoyamba #: Kuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Kufufuza kwa thupi kumatanthawuza njira yomwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimayendera ndi kuthetsa maselo osokonezeka omwe asinthidwa ndipo sali achilendo (kuganizira maselo a khansa).
Mfundo # 2: Kusintha kwa thupi. Kusintha kwa thupi kumatanthawuza njira yomwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimayendetsera maselo a khansa. Kugonjetsedwa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi mgwirizano, momwe maselo amagazi amakhala koma amayang'aniridwa. Komabe, maselo ena otupa amatha kuthawa zotsatira za chitetezo cha mthupi chifukwa chochepetseratu kutengeka kwa thupi kapena mphamvu yogonjetsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Maselo opulumuka ameneŵa amakhala khansa yowoneka bwino.
Mfundo # 3: kulekerera. Ndi kulolerana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, maselo a khansa omwe asatulukidwe ndi chitetezo cha mthupi amagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha mthupi kuti chiteteze chiwonongeko ndikupitiriza kukula ndi kugawa.
Parker akunena kuti wasankha kuika ndalama zochulukira muchithunzi cha immunotherapy chifukwa immunotherapy ndi mankhwala okha omwe asonyezedwa kuti athe kupangitsa kukhululukidwa kwamuyaya. Komabe, kufufuza kwa immunotherapy kumapindula kwambiri - kulandira 4 peresenti ya National Cancer Institute pafupifupi $ 5 biliyoni pachaka. Komanso, Parker akunena kuti R & D ku makampani opanga mankhwala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kafukufuku wopeza mankhwala a chemotherapy kapena othandizira kuti awonetsere kufunikira kwa zopereka za kufufuza kwa immunotherapy.
Zotsatira:
Feng X, Lin X, Yu J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi F. Mapulogalamu Opanga Opaleshoni. Mu: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. eds. Mfundo za Schwartz za Opaleshoni, 10e . New York, NY: Hill ya McGraw; 2014.
Goswami S, Allison JP, Sharma P. Immuno-Oncology. Mu: HM Kantarjian, Wolff RA. eds. Buku la MD Anderson la Oncology Medical, 3e . New York, NY: Hill ya McGraw; 2016.