Mphuno ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo amanyamula zinsinsi zamtengo wapatali
Ngakhale kuti ena anganene chiyani, a FDA sanavomereze "mankhwala" monga mankhwala. M'malomwake, mu 2004, mabediwo anauza firishi ya ku France kuti sadayenera FDA kuvomereza kuti azigulitsa mankhwala monga mankhwala ku United States. Malingana ndi a FDA , ziphuphu zimakhala zofanana ndi zipangizo (mwinamwake zonyansa) zogulitsidwa pamaso pa May 28, 1976 - tsiku limene Amakonzedwe a Medical Medical anakhazikitsidwa .
Choncho, palibe chivomerezo cha boma chofuna kutero.
Mukhoza kunena kuti mfundo yomwe ndimapanga ndi "kuvomereza" kapena "palibe kuvomerezedwa" kumeneku kugulitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala ku United States. Zedi, a FDA sadzachita chilichonse kuti asiye makampani kugulitsa zilonda; Komabe, a FDA sakupereka chigamulo chokhudza chitetezo chawo kapena mphamvu zawo - kusiyana kwakukulu. Kuwonjezera apo, mavitamini sakhala ndi udindo wofufuza mopitirira malire mankhwala ngati mankhwala komanso kumvetsa bwino sayansi ya mankhwala a leech.
Ngakhale kuti nthendayi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga magazi-kulola mankhwala kuyambira kale, ife sitidziwa pang'ono za izi zopanda kanthu, zolengedwa zochepa. Kawirikawiri, kafufuzidwe ndi yochepa pa kafukufuku wowerengeka ndi mndandanda wa zochitikazo popanda ayi ku mayesero ochepa omwe angapangidwe. Komabe, zomwe timadziwa ponena za maulendo a chithandizo chachikulu: Mathala a leech ndi chuma cha vasodilatory ndi anticoagulant (magazi-kupopera magazi).
Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ndi Operewera Kwambiri
Nkhumba ndi mphutsi yoyamwa magazi (sanguivorous). Mofanana ndi nthakaworms, matupi awo amagawidwa, ndipo anyamata awa amatha kuwonjezera, mgwirizano ndi zotsutsana m'njira zambiri. Hiruda medicinalis ndi mitundu ya leech yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala. Komabe, mitundu ina ya ntchentche imagwiritsidwanso ntchito, kuphatikizapo Hirudinaria granulosa ku India komanso American mankhwala a leech, macrobdella decora .
Nkhumba ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amatha kuyamwa kuchuluka kwa magazi nthawi zingapo kulemera kwake kwa thupi. Pambuyo pokhudzana ndi zobisika zomwe zimasunga magazi kuti asagwirizanitse, ziwalozi zimasunga magaziwa mu retalula diverticula. Momwemonso, magazi ochokera kumadyetsa ena amatha kukhala ngati chakudya chokwanira kwa miyezi yambiri.
Kuloleza magazi kapena Hirudo mankhwalawa poyamba kunalembedwa mu Igupto wakale ndipo kunapitiliza kumadzulo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 pamene chizoloŵezicho chinasokonezeka. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale kumadzulo kumadzulo, chizoloŵezi cha leech phlebotomy sichinapitirire kuyeza ku Chiwerengero kapena mankhwala achi Islam.
Kwa zaka zambiri, leech yagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chothandizira pogwiritsa ntchito microsurgery ndi opaleshoni ya pulasitiki ndi yokonzanso. Komanso, asayansi atangoyamba kumene kuyamikira maselo omwe amapanga ma leech ndi mapulogalamu awo. Nazi zina mwa zinthu zodabwitsa zomwe zimapezeka m'magulu a leech:
- Hirudin . Mu 1950, wasayansi wina wa ku Germany wotchedwa Fritz Marquardt anatulukira molekyulu yomwe anaitcha hirudin kuchokera ku chinsinsi cha Hiruda medicinalis . Zikuoneka kuti hirudin imakhala ndi anticoagulant yofanana kwambiri monga heparin wodetsa magazi popanda zotsatira zoipa. Makamaka, hirudin imamangiriza kuti ikhale ndi chiyanjano cholimba ndipo sichimawatsutsana ndi ma antibodies mu wodwala ndi thrombocytopenia yomwe imayambitsa heparin. Komanso, hirudin ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa anthu otetezedwa ku heparin kapena kwa iwo omwe amasonyeza kusowa kwa antithrombin III. Pakadali pano, ofufuza apanga machitidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya, yisiti, ndi eukaryota ali ndi chiyembekezo chokolola hirudin yokwanira kwa mankhwala. Zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito pa hirudin ndi zazikulu ndipo mumakhala ndi matenda aliwonse omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana monga kupwetekedwa mtima , matenda a mtima , komanso kupwetekedwa kwapwetekiti .
- Hyaluronidase . The enzyme hyaluronidase ndi mtundu wa tenderizer umene umamasula (kumapanga minofu yowonjezera yaumunthu) motero kumathandiza kuti leech ayamwe magazi. Zimathandizanso kumuthandiza kuperewera kwa analgesia ndi kupweteka. Enzyme iyi ikufufuzidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu chemotherapy ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala omwe amapezeka pakhungu.
- Calin . Calin ndi molekyu yomwe imasunga mapuloletsiti ndi von Willebrand chinthu, oyimira ofunika kwambiri a kutseka, kuchokera ku zomangiriza ku collagen. Collagen imalimbitsa komanso imatulutsa khungu lathu. Motero, mchere umayendetsa magazi poletsa kutsekemera.
- Kuwononga . Puloteni yotayikayo imakhala ndi mphamvu zowopsya kapena zowonongeka komanso antibacterial. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ikhoza kuyambitsa mapulogalamuwa mpaka streptokinase kapena minofu ya plasminogen yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati munthu akudwala kwambiri mtima kapena sitiroko.
- Eglin . Puloteni yaying'ono ndi thrombin inhibitor. Tsiku lina likhoza kuthandiza kuti chithandizo cha kutukumuka kwa mantha ndi mantha.
Ntchito Zamakono Zamankhwala Amankhwala
Makamaka ku Ulaya, kugwiritsa ntchito maulendo ngati mankhwala akuchipatala akufala kwambiri. Pakalipano, ziphuphu ndi mphamvu zawo za anticoagulant zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zitatu zazikulu.
- Zakudzu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera zikopa zapafupi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulasitiki, maxillofacial ndi ma opaleshoni ena opangidwanso. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhetsa chophimba chamagazi cha mliri 5 mpaka 10. Mankhwalawa amapitilira mpaka bedi la mthupi la wodwalayo lingathe kukhetsa magazi a venous.
- Nkhumba zimathandiza ndi maambukidwe ang'onoting'ono a minofu yomwe mbali imodzi ya thupi lanu imasamutsidwa ku gawo lina la thupi lanu.
- Makhasi amathandiza kupulumutsa ziwalo za thupi zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuchotsa amputation mwa kuchotsa mitsempha yamtundu kapena ya venous. Mbali zotero za thupi zimaphatikizapo zala, nsonga za mphuno, nkhono, makutu, milomo, ngakhalenso mbolo (zomwe mosakayikira zimapanga chithunzi chododometsa).
Monga momwe zinalembedwera mu nyuzipepala ya 2012 yofalitsidwa mu Wiley Periodicals , ofufuza analemba data kuchokera pa maphunziro 277 ndi nkhani kuyambira 1966 mpaka 2009 ndipo anapeza kuchokera ku PubMed ndi zina. Pa odwala 229, 50 kapena 21.8 peresenti anakumana ndi mavuto. Pafupifupi theka la magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a mavutowa anali opatsirana. Anthu ena amene analandira mankhwala a leech ankafunanso kuikidwa magazi.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo, olemba a kafukufuku wa Wiley adanena kuti odwala onse omwe amalandira chithandizo cha leech amayimilidwa ndikuwonetsedwa kuti athe kuikidwa magazi. Kuwonjezera apo, odwala oterewa ayambe kuyambitsidwa ndi antibiotic ngati mankhwala a quinolones. Zina zimasonyeza kuti cephalosporin ya m'badwo wachitatu monga ciprofloxacin ikhoza kukhala yabwino kwambiri motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya omwe amasiyana ndi leech.
Mosakayikitsa, kukhala ndi leeches kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ku zolembera za thupi lanu mokongola pa "icky" msinkhu. Kumbukirani kuti ndizosankha kuti mulole katswiri wa zamankhwala kuti agwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa makamaka chifukwa njira zina zothandizira ziriripo.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti kufufuza kovuta kwambiri - kuyembekezera (nthawi yaitali) ndi mayesero oletsa kulamulira - ziyenera kuchitidwa, zomwe timadziwa zokhudza nthenda zimalimbikitsa kwambiri. Ndiponso, maselo omwe ali okhaokha pamatumbo a leech angakhale ndi chinsinsi chothandizira kuti azikhala ndi anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, ndi analgesic therapy.
Tikuthokoza kwambiri Mayi Gina Wadas, mtolankhani wachinyamata wa sayansi, komanso wophunzira pa maphunziro a sayansi ndi zamakono ku ndondomeko ya maphunziro a journalism ku Texas A & M University, pofotokoza nkhaniyi. Zikomo, Gina!
> Zosankhidwa Zopezeka
> Divi V et al. Chaputala 78, Kukonzanso kwa Microvascular. Mu: Lalwani AK. eds. Kusanthula Kwachidziwitso ndi Chithandizo Chamakono mu Otolaryngology - Mutu ndi Opaleshoni Yamasana, 3e . New York, New York: Hill ya McGraw; 2012. Kufikira 12/29/2014.
> Nkhani yomwe ili ndi mutu wakuti "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Opaleshoni Zamankhwala mu Opaleshoni Yopanga Pulasitiki ndi Zowonongeka: Kusanthula Mwachidule kwa 277 Zomwe Zikuchitika Pachipatala" ndi IS Whitaker ndipo adafalitsidwa mu Wiley Periodicals, Inc. mu 2012. Kupezeka kuchokera ku PubMed pa 12/28/2014.
> Nkhani yomwe ili ndi mutu wakuti "Phunziro lachidziwitso la mankhwala ofunika kwambiri a mankhwala opatsa mphamvu" ndi SM Abbas More et al inalembedwa mu Alternative Medicine Review mu 2011.