United States ikuwona zachiwawa zambiri mfuti kuposa mtundu uliwonse wotukuka. Anthu opitirira 33,000 amafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha zida-mofanana ndi kuwonongeka kwa galimoto-komabe akuluakulu a United States sagwirizana ndi zipolowe za mfuti mofanana ndi momwe amachitira ndi thanzi labwino komanso chitetezo, monga matenda opatsirana kapena madzi. Kulekeranji? Nanga bwanji ngati titatero?
Kupyolera mu njira yomwe imatchedwa "njira ya thanzi labwino," akuluakulu azaumoyo a boma atha kukonza thanzi ndi chitetezo cha nzika za America chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri, kuchokera ku kusuta mpaka ku kunenepa kwambiri.
Njira yomweyi yowonjezera, njira yofufuzira kafukufuku ikhoza kuyendetsedwa pofuna kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zovulala zokhudzana ndi mfuti, nayenso. Nazi zomwe ziyenera kuchitika.
Lembani Vutoli
Njira yochiritsira ya thanzi ndi imodzi. Njira yoyamba yothetsera kuvulazidwa kwa zida zankhondo-kapena vuto lililonse la thanzi kapena chitetezo-m'dera lomwe lapatsidwa ndikulingalira zomwe zikuchitika, yemwe akukhudzidwa, ndi momwe, nthawi, ndi pamene zikuchitika. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamtunduwu, akuluakulu a zaumoyo akuyang'ana deta kuchokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo malipoti apolisi, zolemba zachipatala, ndi kafukufuku. Zomwezi ndizofufuzidwa kuti awone ngati pali zochitika kapena malo omwe mapulogalamu kapena kusintha kwa ndondomeko zingakhale zogwira mtima kwambiri.
Izi ndizozimene zinachitika ndi mabotete apachikopa. Akatswiri ofufuza atapeza kuti mabotolo apachionetsero adachepetsa chiopsezo cha kupha, akuluakulu a zaumoyo adayamba kulimbikitsa ntchito zawo, ndipo adakhazikitsa malamulo omwe amawafuna.
Chotsatiracho chinali magalimoto otetezeka, madalaivala otetezeka, ndi ochepa imfa kuchokera ku ngozi za galimoto.
Kuti muwone momwe mungachepetse chiwawa cha mfuti ku United States, choyamba muyenera kufotokozera zomwe zikuchitika ndi omwe akuchita nawo. Popanda kutero, n'zovuta kudziŵa komwe ziyenera kupatsidwa, omwe ayenera kuchitidwa, kapena njira zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri.
Sungani Mavuto Aakulu ndi Zinthu Zotetezera
Pambuyo pa ndondomekoyi, ochita kafukufuku amalowerera mozama kuti adziwe zomwe zingapangitse vutoli kuti likhale labwino kapena loipa. Amachita izi pozindikira zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa chiopsezo ndi zinthu zoteteza.
Zinthu zoopsa ndizo zomwe zingapangitse munthu kukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa, monga kukhala wozunzidwa kapena wozunza mfuti. Mwachitsanzo, kusuta fodya ndizoopsa chifukwa cha khansa chifukwa kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amasuta fodya amakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu kuposa anthu osuta fodya. Akuluakulu a zaumoyo adagwiritsa ntchito mfundozi kuti apange malingaliro, ndondomeko, ndi mapulogalamu kuti athe kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amasuta ndipo, motero, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa khansa.
Zinthu zotetezera , ndizosiyana ndizo, zomwe zimawoneka kuti zichepetse chiopsezo cha zotsatira zoipa - makamaka, zomwe tiyenera kuchita zambiri kapena kuyesa kuwonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi ndikuteteza khansa chifukwa kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino amakhala ndi khansa yaing'ono. Akatswiri azachipatala ndi zachipatala adagwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kulimbikitsa anthu kuti aziwonjezera nthawi yomwe amathera sabata iliyonse.
Pankhani ya imfa kapena kuvulala zokhudzana ndi mfuti, zoopsa ndi zotetezera zikhoza kusiyana mosiyana, malinga ndi mtundu wopitilira maphunziro. Pamene kuwombera misala nthawi zambiri kumamvetsera kwambiri, pali njira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsira ntchito mfuti zingapweteke; zina mwazimene sizili mwadzidzidzi. Kuphatikiza pa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwonongeke mwadzidzidzi-monga momwe zimakhalira podzipha, kuwombera misala, ndi kudzipha-chiwawa cha mfuti chingaphatikizepo zochitika ngati zozizwitsa. Kufufuzira zoopsa kapena zinthu zotetezera zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitunduyi ya kuwombera mwadzidzidzi kungathe kuthandiza kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zingapangitse mfuti mosayembekezereka kuti aziwotcha moto kapena momwe amachitira chitetezo cha mfuti. Zinthu zosiyana siyana.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale kuti zinthu zina zingapangitse chiopsezo chanu chovulazidwa ndi zida, kukhalapo kwa chiopsezo sikutanthauza kuti chiwawa sichingapeŵe kapena kuti ozunzidwa aziimba mlandu akawapweteka.
Yesani Zothetsera Zothekera
Pamene zifukwa zazikulu zatsimikiziridwa, akatswiri a zaumoyo amayamba ntchito yodzikuza komanso-yofunika kwambiri-kuyesa njira zothetsera vutoli. Mapulogalamu a umoyo wa anthu akhoza kutenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zina zimaphatikizapo njira zophunzitsira, kumene anthu ofunikira amaphunzitsidwa momwe angakhalire kapena kuchepetsa chiopsezo chawo chovulazidwa. Ena angaphatikizepo kupereka zopereka kwa akatswiri mu gawo linalake, monga madokotala, ogwira nawo ntchito, kapena opanga, kapena kupanga kusintha kwa ndondomeko monga malamulo kapena malamulo operekedwa ndi mabungwe olamulira.
Zotsatirazi zimachokera pazidziwitso zomwe zilipo komanso kufufuza mabuku ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zomwe zathandiza m'madera ena kapena m'madera ena. Iwo amatha kuyang'anitsitsa ndikuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wambiri monga magulu otsogolera kapena kufufuza, kutsimikiza kuti ndi oyenerera komanso otheka kwa anthu omwe mukufuna kuwafikira. Ndondomeko yonseyi ikudziwika kuti ndi yovomerezeka, ndipo ndi njira yofunikira yokonzekera pulogalamu yothandiza kuonetsetsa kuti chuma chikugawidwa moyenera komanso mwakhama.
Tsatirani Mapulogalamu Ovomerezeka
Pambuyo pazinthu zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kuti zakhala zogwira mtima m'madera ochepa, ena amaphunzitsidwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mapulogalamuwa kapena ndondomeko zoyenera kukhazikitsidwa m'madera awo. Kawirikawiri ku United States, udindo wa "ofalitsa" umatengedwa ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bungwe la federal lomwe limayang'anira thanzi la anthu pa dziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pulogalamu yapadera yophunzitsa idawonetseratu kuti ikugwira bwino pophunzitsa makolo a ana aang'ono momwe angasungire mfuti zawo mosamala m'nyumba, CDC ikhoza kuphunzitsa zipatala za m'deralo kuti zizichita maphunzirowa m'madera awo.
Pazigawo zinayi izi zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino, kufufuza kwapadera ndizofunikira, ndipo kusonkhanitsa deta sikutha. Njira yowonetsera thanzi ya mfuti imatanthawuza kupitiriza kuthana ndi vuto pa kusintha kulikonse kapena kusintha, komanso kufufuza momwe magalimoto akuyendera. Ngati vuto likusintha kapena zifukwa zatsopano zowopsa, zingakhale zofunikira kusintha kapena kutsogolera njira kuti apitirize kukhala ogwira mtima.
Mofananamo, mayiko ena kapena madera ena akhoza kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano kapena zatsopano zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zimapindulitsa kwambiri poletsa kuvulala komwe kumakhudzana ndi magetsi. Popanda kuyang'anitsitsa, United States ikhoza kugwiritsira ntchito njira yomwe ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri.
Zovuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yathanzi Yathanzi
Pakalipano, United States yonse ikuletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaumoyo zapadera pofuna kupewa nkhanza za mfuti chifukwa cha kusowa kwakukulu kwa deta. Izi zili choncho chifukwa bungwe loyamba la boma lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi kufufuza zaumoyo-CDC-silololedwa kuti aziphunzira zachiwawa. Bungweli likufufuza zochitika zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo wa anthu, kuchokera ku katemera kupita ku zowononga magalimoto, koma zinasiya pafupifupi kufufuza konse ku chiwawa cha mfuti mu 1996.
Kusuntha kuli ndi miyambo yandale. CDC idapereka kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 1993 yomwe inapeza kuti kukhala ndi mfuti m'nyumbayo kunali chiopsezo chopha munthu. Poyankha, National Rifle Association (NRA) inayamba kukakamiza Congress kuti iwononge bungwe lathunthu. Komitiyi idatha, koma anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wogwirizana ndi NRA amatha kulankhula chinenero chofunika kwambiri kuti "palibe ndalama zomwe zingapangidwe kuti zisawonongeke komanso zowonongeka ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbikitsa kapena kupititsa patsogolo kuwombera mfuti. "Chigawochi, chomwe chimadziwika kuti Dickey Amendment, chikupitirizabe kuikidwa mu bizinesi ya ndalama chaka ndi chaka, ndipo m'malo momangotaya ndalama, CDC inasiya kufufuza zankhondo yonse.
Pambuyo pa kuwombera ku Newtown kusukulu mu 2012-pamene ana ndi aphunzitsi oposa 20 anaphedwa ndi Pulezidenti Obama atapereka chilolezo kwa Mlembi wa Health and Human Services ndi Mtsogoleri wa Zigawo za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda kuti apitirize kuphunzira mfuti kuti apeze zifukwa zomwe zingayambitse komanso njira zothetsera vuto. Kafukufuku, komabe, sanabwererenso kumtunda wofanana ndi chisankho cha 1996.
CDC siyo yokha yomwe ingapangidwe kuti iphunzire nkhani ya nkhanza za mfuti-National Institute of Justice, mwachitsanzo, anachita kafukufuku pambuyo pa Dickey Amendment - koma ndizo ndalama zothandiza ndalama za boma mabungwe ena akuyang'anitsitsa zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino. Chifukwa cha ichi, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi mwayi wowonekerana ndi mfuti popanda thandizo la ndalama kuchokera ku boma.
Chifukwa cha zovuta zandale za nkhaniyi, mabungwe ambiri a zaumoyo awonetsanso kupeŵa dera lonselo m'malo mwa chiopsezo kuwonetsa maonekedwe a ndale ndi kutaya ndalama kwina kulikonse. Zotsatira zake, zambiri zomwe zilipo pa ziwawa za mfuti zomwe zilipo panopa sizingatheke komanso zatha.
Zotsatira za izi sizingatheke. Popanda chidziŵitso chokwanira pa zomwe zikuchitika pa zovulala zokhudzana ndi zida zankhondo ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndi chifukwa chake, mabungwe a zaumoyo a anthu sangathe kukhazikitsa kapena kuyambitsa njira zothandiza kuchepetsa nkhanza za mfuti, osapanda kuzimvera. Mwachidule, popanda deta, njira yaumoyo yaumphawi sizingatheke kugwiritsira ntchito payekha mpaka dziko la federal likutsutsa ntchito yake yoletsera.
Mawu Ochokera
Kuitanitsa njira zachipatala zowononga zida za mfuti sizomwe zimalimbikitsa kulamulira mfuti. Ndi njira yokha yothetsera vutoli, zomwe zingatheke, ndi zomwe zasonyeza kuti zitha kuthana ndi vutoli ndikupanga chikhalidwe cha thanzi ndi chitetezo. Ngakhale zili zotheka kuti zotsatira za njirayi zingasonyeze kuti malamulo ena angakhale othandiza kuthetsa kuvulala ndi imfa zomwe zakhudzana ndi mfuti, malingaliro alionse omwe apangidwa angakhazikitsidwe pawongosoledwe mwatsatanetsatane wa umboni ndi deta-osati mgwirizano uliwonse kapena ndondomeko zandale.
> Zotsatira:
> Zolinga za Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda. Njira yopezera thanzi la chitetezo cha chiwawa. 2015.
> Jamieson, C. Gun akuchita zachiwawa zofufuza: Mbiri ya boma likuwombera. American Psychological Association. 2013.
> National Institute of Justice. Chiwawa cha mfuti. 2017.