Mavairasi amtundu amatha kusintha nthawi zonse. Ndicho chifukwa chake timafunikira kutulutsa chimfine chaka chilichonse.
Zina mwa kusintha kumeneku ndizochepa, koma nthawi zina zimasintha kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa matenda atsopano a chimfine. Ndili kachilombo kameneka kamene kamayambitsa matenda a chimfine omwe akatswiri amadandaula chifukwa ndi omwe angayambitse matenda a chimfine.
Zinthu zina zoti mudziwe za matenda atsopano a kachilomboka ndi awa:
- anthu, makamaka ana aang'ono, kawirikawiri alibe chitetezo cha "buku" kapena matenda atsopano a chiwindi
- Nkhumba za matenda a nkhumba zomwe zimatengera anthu odwala zimatchedwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda a chimfine
- Matenda atsopano a kachilombo ka HIV kamakhala ndi kusintha kwa majini omwe angawathandize kuti afalikire kwa nyama kupita kwa anthu kapena kuchititsa matenda aakulu
Kusintha pang'ono kwa kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a chimfine kumachitika chifukwa cha antigenic drift. Kusintha kwa thupi kungapangitse kusintha kwakukulu m'thupi la chimfine kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisadziwe ndipo sititetezedwe ku matenda.
Zosintha zazikulu zambiri zimayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa antigenic. Izi ndi zomwe zinayambitsa mliri wa 2009 H1N1 . M'malo mwa kusintha kosavuta kapena kusinthika mu vuto limodzi la chimfine, kusintha kwa antigenic kumachokera ku chidziwitso chachikulu cha majini kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimfine, kawirikawiri pakati pa nyama ndi mavuto aumunthu. Choncho kupyolera mu kusintha kwa antigenic, matenda a chimfine omwe amatha kupha mbalame kapena nkhumba, akhoza kupeza kufalitsa kwa anthu.
2016-1017 Nyengo ya Flu
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timagwiritsa ntchito kuti akatswiri azinena kuti ndi omwe amapezeka nthawi ya chimfine chaka cha 2015-1016 ndipo zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu katemera wa chimfine,
- kachilombo ka A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) pdm09
- Vesi / A / Switzerland / 9715293/2013 (H3N2)
- Vuto la B / Phuket / 3073/2013
- Vuto la B / Brisbane / 60/2008-(katemera wodwala wamagazi okha)
Vuto la chimfine la H1N1 lomwe linayambitsa mliri tsopano lakhala ndi kachilombo kena kamodzi ka nyengo.
Chaka chatha chaka cha 2016-17 matenda a chimfine adzaphatikizapo:
- kachilombo ka A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) pdm09
- Vuto la A / Hong Kong / 4801/2014 (H3N2)
- ndi B / Brisbane / 60/2008-like-virus (B / Victoria lineage)
- Katemera wa quadrivalent udzaphatikizapo kachirombo ka B / Phuket / 3073/2013 (B / Yamagata mzere)
Choncho zigawo ziŵiri za katemera wa chimfine chaka chamawa zidzasintha.
Fulu Flu
Ngakhale ambirife takhala tikukumva za nkhuku za mbalame ndi matenda a nkhumba, chifuwa cha galu ndi chinthu chatsopano.
Kumva za chiwembu cha galu (galimoto ya canine) ya 2015 mu Chicago mwina mwinamwake kudabwitsidwa ndi kudandaula anthu ambiri. Mwamwayi, chifuwa cha galu sichiwathandiza anthu. Vutoli la H3N2 lomwe linayambira pa akavalo lingathe kufalikira pakati pa agalu ngakhale, zomwe zimawathandiza kuyesa kuteteza ndi kuteteza milandu yatsopano.
HPAI H5
Kuyambira mwezi wa December 2014, anapeza kuti ku United States mbalame zam'tchire, zouluka (Canada Goose, Mallards, Snowy Owl, etc.) ndi nkhuku zoweta, kuphatikizapo nkhuku, nkhuku, ndi abakha.
Mamiliyoni a mbalame zodwala zomwe zili m'mayiko okwana 21 zatsogolera malangizowo kuchokera ku CDC kuti anthu:
- Pewani mbalame zakutchire ndikuziwona patali
- peŵani kukhudzana ndi mbalame zamkuku (nkhuku) zomwe zimawoneka zidwala kapena zafa
- peŵani kukhudzana ndi malo omwe amawoneka kuti akudetsedwa ndi nyansi zochokera ku mbalame zakutchire kapena zoweta.
Kuopsa kwa thanzi kwa anthu ochokera ku chimfine cha mbalameyi akuganiza kuti ndi otsika panthawiyi.
Pali vuto kuti kutuluka kwa chimfine kwa mbalame kungabweretse kufooka kwa dzira, mtengo wapamwamba wa mazira, ndi mitengo yapamwamba ya Turkey.
H3N2 Matenda Osiyanasiyana
Matenda osiyanasiyana a H3N2 (H3N2v) ali ndi anthu 12 odwala mu 2011. Awa ndiwo matenda a chimfine omwe amachititsa nkhumba, koma amatha kupeza anthu odwala makamaka anthu omwe adakhala nawo kwa nkhuku zambiri.
Uku ndiko kuphulika kosalekeza. Mu 2012, vutoli likuwerengera matenda a H3N2v akuwonjezeka kufika 309 m'maiko 12.
Ngakhale kuti tinawona zochitika zina kuyambira pamenepo, monga zaka zapitazo, pali zochepa zofalitsidwa kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi. Ndizo uthenga wabwino kwa tonsefe, koma anthu ena amafunika kusamala, makamaka omwe ali pangozi yaikulu ya matenda a chimfine . CDC imalimbikitsa kuti apewe nkhokwe ndi nkhumba pazinthu zaulimi.
Pofuna kupewa H3N2v kuchokera nkhumba, ndifunikanso kuti aliyense:
- Sambani m'manja mwanu mutatha kuwona nkhumba
- Pewani kudya ndi zakumwa kuzungulira nkhumba
- Peŵani kuthamanga wa mwana wanu, toyese, botolo la mwana, kapena pacifier, ndi zina, kuzungulira nkhumba
- Khalani kutali ndi nkhumba iliyonse yomwe ikudwala
Kumbukirani kuti simungadziwe nthawi zonse ngati nkhumba ili ndi H3N2v. Mofanana ndi matenda a anthu, nkhumba zina zimatha kukhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndipo zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zochepa zokha komanso zikhoza kupatsirana ena.
Ndipo chifukwa chakuti matenda a chimfine amatha kusakanikirana ndi kusunthira ku zovuta zatsopano, muyenera kupewa nkhumba ngati mukudwala ndi chimfine.
Panali ma 19 okha a H3N2v ku US mu 2013, koma matatu atatu pachaka mu 2014 ndi 2015.
Mpaka pano, mu 2016, pakhala pali milandu inayi ya H3N2v, yonse ku Ohio ndi Michigan.
H7N9 Kuphulika kwa Mbalame Yamkuntho
Kuphulika kwa 2013 H7N9 ku China kunali ndi anthu ambiri okhudzidwa, popeza padali anthu 44 omwe anafa pa milandu 132 basi mu 2013. Palinso zochitika zochepa paulendo wobwera kuchokera ku China, kuphatikizapo anthu omwe amadwala ku Canada ndi Malaysia.
Mwamwayi, mtundu uwu wa chimfine cha mbalame sunathe kwenikweni kufalitsa kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi kupita kwa wina. M'malo mwake, akuganiza kuti anthu amadwala chifukwa cha nkhuku zowonongeka, makamaka misika ya mbalame yamoyo.
Kumayambiriro kwa chiyambi cha 2013 kunaoneka kuti kwatha, koma milandu yatsopano ikuwoneka chaka chilichonse. Panopa pakhala pali milandu yokwana 798 ya matenda a H7N9, makamaka ku China, ndi anthu 212 akufa.
H5N1
Kuphatikiza pa H7N9, palinso mtundu wina wa chimfine cha mbalame chomwe chakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali - kwambiri matenda a avian influenza H5N1.
Choyamba chopezeka mu 2003, pakhala pali 664 milandu ya HPAI H5N1 m'mayiko 15 ndi osachepera 391 akufa.
Ambiri mwa iwo ali ku Asia ndi kumpoto chakum'ma Africa, makamaka Egypt ndi Indonesia. Ngati mutayendera limodzi la magawowa, CDC imalimbikitsa kuti "muteteze minda ya nkhuku, misika ya mbalame ndi malo ena kumene nkhuku zamoyo zimakulira, kusungidwa, kapena kugulitsidwa."
Monga H7N9, mtundu uwu wa chimfine cha mbalame sizimawonekera pakati pa anthu.
H9N2
Mavuto awiri atsopano a chiwindi A (H9N2) avian adavomerezedwanso mu 2013, onse ku China.
Mtundu uwu wa chimfine cha mbalame umayamba kuchititsa zizindikiro zochepa, kotero sizingaganize kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri pakalipano.
H10N8
Matenda atsopano a chiwombankhanga cha avian kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, A (H10N8), tsopano atsimikiziridwa kuti ali ndi HIV pakati pa anthu awiri ku China kuyambira January 2014.
Mmodzi mwa milanduyi, mayi wina wa zaka 55 yemwe adakhala ku msika wamalonda anayamba chibayo chachikulu ndipo anali wovuta kwambiri. Munthu wina amene ali ndi matenda a H10N8 anamwalira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2013.
Zimene Mukuyenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Zovuta Zatsopano za Flu
Zingakhale zowopsya kuganiza kuti matenda atsopano atsopano angayambitse matenda atsopano a chimfine komanso chiwerengero cha imfa ya chimfine . Mwamwayi, mitundu imeneyi ya mliri ndi yosawerengeka.
Zinthu zina zoti mudziwe za matenda atsopano a kachilomboka ndi awa:
- Mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, kuphatikizapo Tamiflu (oseltamivir) ndi Relenza (zanamivir), amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira matenda atsopano, ngakhale katemera sichipezeka.
- Matenda atsopano a chimfine amatha kusintha, zomwe zingatanthawuze kuti kachilombo ka HPAI H5N1 katsiku kamene kamatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yofalitsa mosavuta.
- Zachigawo zonse za H ndi N za H7N9 ndizitsamba zatsopano zomwe sizinapangitse anthu kudwala. Mosiyana, chigawo cha H chokha cha H5N1 ndi chatsopano pakati pa anthu.
- Panali zochitika zochepa za matenda a H7 ku North America m'mbuyomo, kuphatikizapo H7N3 ku Canada mu 2004 (2 milandu ya anthu), H7N2 ku New York mu 2003 (vuto limodzi la anthu), ndi H7N2 ku Virginia mu 2002 (nkhani imodzi). Mosiyana ndi H5N1, onsewa anali ochepa kwambiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a avian.
- Bungwe la World Health Organization liri ndi pulogalamu yapadziko lonse yowononga mafupa ndi kuyang'anira kuti athandize kupeza ndi kuzindikira matenda atsopano a chimfine.
Chofunika kwambiri, katemera wa chiwopsezo chonse chomwe chingateteze ku matenda onse a chimfine chidzayembekeza tsiku lina kutiteteza ife ku matenda ena atsopano a chimfine.
Mpaka apo, nkofunika kuti tipitirize kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira matendawa atsopano a chimfine, kuyambitsa kupanga mankhwala atsopano a antibairal, katemera watsopano, ndi njira zochepetsera kufalikira kwa ma virus a chimfine kuchokera kwa nyama kupita kwa anthu. Ndipo onetsetsani kuuza dokotala wanu ngati muli ndi zizindikiro za matenda a chimfine ndipo mwamsanga mwatcheru kumalo kumene matenda atsopano a kachilombo ka HIV amadziwika kuti akudwala.
> CDC. Kupewa ndi Kuteteza Chilombo cha Nyengo ndi Katemera: Malangizo a Komiti Yopereka Malangizo Omwe Amapezedwe Katemera (ACIP) - United States, 2014-15 Kuchokera kwa Edzi. MMWR. August 15, 2014/63 (32); 691-697.
> CDC. Virusi ya Avian Influenza A (H7N9). http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm. Yapezeka mu July 2013.
> WHO. Chidule cha Mwezi Woopsa wa Mwezi. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/index.html Kufikira February 2014.
> CDC. Fluenza A (H3N2) Vuto Lophatikiza. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-cases.htm. Yapezeka mu July 2013.
> Diana L. Akuthandizani njira zothandizira kuteteza nkhuku kuti zithetse vutoli. American Journal of Physiology - Mapulogalamu Amadzimadzi ndi Mafilimu Amagulu. 2013 Jul; 305 (2): L108-17.
> Sasiesekharan, Ram. Zomwe Zimalinga Zomwe Zimayambitsa H5N1 Hemagglutinin kuti Zisinthe Zomwe Zidzakhalapo. Cell, Volume 153, Issue 7, 1475-1485, 06 June 2013.