Mbiri ya Izi Zokangana za Psychosurgery
Mawu akuti psychosurgery amavomereza kuchitidwa opaleshoni kusintha maganizo a munthu wina, maganizo ake, kapena khalidwe lake. Ndondomeko yotchuka kwambiri (kapena yopanda mbiri) ndiyo yotsogola yoyambira. Zomwe zinagwirizana mu 1935, lobotomy imaphatikizapo kudula kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa makina oyandikana ndi ubongo ndi ubongo wonse.
Maphunzirowa anali mbali ya mankhwala atsopano kwa matenda a ubongo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, kuphatikizapo electroconvulsive therapy (shock therapy).
Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa anali oopsa, ankawoneka kuti sali ochuluka kuposa mankhwala ena omwe analipo panthawiyo. Chipangizo cha lobotomy chinali ndondomeko yachiwiri kwa zaka makumi awiri chisanakhale chisokonezo. Ngakhale kuti tsopano ndizochepa, pali zochitika zina zomwe mitundu ina yamaganizo yambiri imagwiritsidwira ntchito lero.
Mlengi wa Opaleshoni
Mphoto ya Nobel mu 1949 ya Physiology kapena Medicine inapita kwa katswiri wamagulu a maso, dzina lake Antonio Egas Moniz wa ku Portugal chifukwa chotsutsana. Ngakhale kuti Dr. Moniz asanayambe kuchita zimenezi, apambano awo anali ochepa ndipo sanalandire bwino ndichipatala.
Momwe Ikugwirira Ntchito
Malingaliro a sayansi kumbuyo kwa zolemba, monga momwe Dr. Moniz amavomerezera, amavomereza ndi sayansi lero. Lingaliro linali kuti panali dera lozungulira limene linapangidwa ndi maselo a mitsempha mu ubongo wa anthu ena, ndipo inali njira iyi yomwe inali chifukwa cha zizindikiro.
Kuika maganizo pa maulendo a neural ndi kugwirizanitsa, osati ndi ubongo umodzi, kumagwirizana ndi sayansi ya zaka za m'ma 2100.
Sizomveka chifukwa chake Dr. Moniz adangoganizira za lobes, koma panali umboni wina panthawi yomwe lobes loyang'anapo lingawonongeke popanda zowonetseratu zoperewera, ndipo anthu ena adalongosola njira yofananamo yomwe yachitidwa ndi abulu, ndi zotsatira zowononga .
Pazaka zapitazi, zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kwambiri ndi sayansi kuti lobes yapambali ali ndi maudindo mu kulingalira kwa malingaliro ndi khalidwe.
Njira yoyamba, yomwe imatchedwanso leucotomy, imayambitsa jekeseni wa mowa kukhala mbali ya lobes loyambirira kuti iwononge minofu pambuyo pobowola dzenje kupyola chigaza. Pambuyo pake njirayi inadula minofu ya ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito waya. Phunziro loyamba la ndondomekoyi, odwala 20 omwe ali ndi matenda osiyanasiyana monga kuvutika maganizo, schizophrenia, panic disorder, mania, ndi catatonia anagonjetsedwa ku lobotomy. Malipoti oyambirira a ndondomekoyi anali abwino: Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya odwala omwe anachitidwa ndi lobotomy bwino. Panalibe imfa.
Lobotomies Yayamba ku United States
Ku United States, anthu ambiri anayamba kudziwika chifukwa cha zimene akatswiri a zamagulu a anthu, Walter Freeman ndi a James Watts apeza. Choyamba cha lobotomy ku America chinachitidwa ndi Freeman ndi Watts mu 1936. Njira yoyamba idayenera kuchitidwa ndi chipatala cha chipatala m'chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito, koma Dr. Freeman amaganiza kuti izi zikhoza kuchepetsa njira yothandizira anthu omwe ali m'maganizo omwe angapindule nawo lobotomy. Iye anatenga mchitidwe watsopano womwe ungachite ndi madokotala m'madera amenewo popanda chipinda chochita opaleshoni.
Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Dr. Watts anasiya kugwira ntchito ndi Dr. Freeman potsutsa ndondomekoyi.
Chombo cha "transorbital", chokonzedwa ndi Dr. Freeman, chinaphatikizapo kukweza maso a pamwamba ndikuwonetsa chodutswa chochepa cha opaleshoni chotchedwa leucotome pamwamba pa chingwe cha diso. Panthawi imeneyo, mallet ankagwiritsira ntchito kuyendetsa chidacho ndi mafupa, ndi masentimita asanu mu ubongo. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina a lobotomy, chidacho chinagwedezeka kuti chidutse kumbali yosiyana ndi dziko lapansi, kubwerera kumalo osalowerera ndale, ndikukweza masentimita awiri patsogolo, pomwe idakankhidwanso kuti iwononge minofu ya ubongo.
Ndondomekoyi idabwerezedwa kumbali ina ya mutu.
Zosafunika ndi Zosayembekezereka Zotsatira Zotsatira
Anthu okwana 40,000 a ku United States anagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zifukwa zomveka zomwe zinaphatikizapo nkhawa, matenda osokoneza maganizo, ndi schizophrenia. Mabuku a sayansi panthaŵiyo akuwoneka kuti akusonyeza kuti ndondomekoyi inali yopanda chitetezo, ndipo inali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha imfa. Koma panali zotsatira zambiri zosavulaza, kuphatikizapo kusasamala komanso kusokoneza umunthu.
Ndondomeko Yovuta Yodokotala
Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma 1940, kutsogolo kwakukulu kunayambitsa kutsutsana. Kusintha molakwika umunthu wa munthu wina kunalingaliridwa ndi anthu ambiri kupitirira malire a chithandizo chabwino chachipatala komanso kusalemekeza ufulu wa munthu ameneyo. Mu 1950, Soviet Union inaletsa chizoloŵezicho, kunena kuti chinali "chotsutsana ndi mfundo za umunthu."
Ku United States, ma lobotomi amapezeka m'mabuku ambiri ofotokoza mabuku, kuphatikizapo Tennessee Williams wadzidzidzi, Last Summer ndi Ken Kesey's One Flew Pa chinyama cha Cuckoo . Ndondomekoyi inayamba kuonedwa kuti ndi yachipatala komanso yachinyengo. Mu 1977, komiti yapadera ya US Congress inasanthula ngati maganizo opatsirana pogonana monga lobotomy ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuletsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Chomaliza chinali chakuti psychosurgery yomwe inkachitidwa bwino ingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino, koma pokhapokha pazinthu zochepa kwambiri. Panthawiyi, funsoli linali lalikulu kwambiri, popeza njirayi idasinthidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwala opatsirana pogonana.
Pansi
Mbiri yamkuntho ya lobotomy imakumbutsa akatswiri azachipatala ndi odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lachidziwitso la mankhwala, makamaka lachisudzo. Kawirikawiri, anthu omwe amachita ma lobotomi anganene kuti zochita zawo ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa wodwalayo. Iwo analimbikitsidwa ndi ubwino umene, mwa miyezo ya masiku ano, ingawoneke kuti ndi yolakwika komanso yolakwika. Ndi njira ziti zamankhwala zamakono zomwe ife tsiku lina timayang'ana mmbuyo ndi kuzibweza ?