Kuwoneka pamatumbo, thukuta, cerebrospinal, ndi zina
Mungadabwe kumva kuti maonekedwe a madzi athu ndi ovuta kwambiri. Ponena za madzi a thupi, mawonekedwe amatsatira ntchito . Thupi lathu limapanga madzi awa kuti akwaniritse zosowa zathu zakuthupi, zamaganizo ndi zamagetsi.
Tiyeni tiwone bwinobwino zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi asanu ndi atatu: (1) thukuta, (2) CSF, (3) magazi, (4) malaya, (5) misonzi, (6) mkodzo, (7) nyemba, ndi (8) mkaka wa m'mawere.
Kutupa
Kutupa ndi njira yowonjezereka-njira yomwe timadzizizira tokha. Kutupa kumatuluka pamwamba pa khungu lathu ndipo kumawotcha matupi athu.
Bwanji osapsa thukuta? Nchifukwa chiyani mumalumbirira kwambiri? Pali kusiyana pakati pa anthu thukuta. Anthu ena amalumbirira pang'ono, ndipo anthu ena amalumbirira kwambiri. Zinthu zomwe zingakhudze momwe mumapwetekera zambiri zimaphatikizapo majini, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi thupi.
Nazi zina zowona za thukuta:
- Amuna amalumbirira ambiri kuposa akazi.
- Anthu omwe ali osiyana kwambiri ndi thukuta amamva thukuta kwambiri kuposa anthu omwe ali pa msinkhu wathanzi.
- Kuthamanga kwa thupi kungakhudze kuchuluka kwa thukuta komwe mumapanga.
- Anthu olemerera amawomba kuposa anthu owala chifukwa ali ndi thupi lalikulu kuti azizizira.
Hyperhidrosis ndi matenda omwe munthu amatha kulumbirira mopitirira muyeso, ngakhale panthawi yopumula kapena kutentha. Hyperhidrosis ikhoza kukhala yachiwiri ndi zinthu zina, monga hyperthyroidism, matenda a mtima, khansa, ndi matenda a carcinoid.
Hyperhidrosis ndizovuta ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zochititsa manyazi. Ngati mukuganiza kuti muli ndi hyperhidrosis, chonde kambiranani ndi dokotala wanu. Pali mankhwala omwe angapezeke, monga antiperspirants, mankhwala, Botox, ndi opaleshoni kuchotsa zozizira zamtundu wambiri.
Maonekedwe a thukuta amadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuyamwa kwa madzi, mafunde otentha, chinyezi, komanso ntchito ya mahomoni komanso mtundu wa thukuta (eccrine kapena apocrine).
Nthawi zambiri, thukuta liri ndi izi:
- Madzi
- Sodium kloride (mchere)
- Urea (zonyansa)
- Albumin (protein)
- Electrolytes (sodium, potaziyamu, magnesium, ndi calcium)
Chotupitsa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi zipangizo za eccrine , zomwe zimangopeka, zimakhala ndi fungo lokomoka. Komabe, thukuta lopangidwa ndi zipangizo zam'madzi zozama kwambiri za apocrine zomwe zili mumtambo (axilla) ndi groin ndi smellier chifukwa ziri ndi zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimachokera ku kuwonongeka kwa mabakiteriya. Ma salt mu thukuta amapereka kukoma kwa mchere. PH ya mitu ya thukuta pakati pa 4.5 ndi 7.5.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti zakudya zingakhudze momwe thukuta limakhalira, nayonso. Anthu omwe amadya sodium yambiri amakhala ndi sodium yothamanga kwambiri mu thukuta lawo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu amene amadya sodium yochepa imatulutsa thukuta lomwe lili ndi sodium yochepa.
Mitsempha yamtundu
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), yomwe imatsuka ubongo ndi msana, ndi madzi omveka bwino komanso opanda mtundu, omwe ali ndi ntchito zambiri. Choyamba, amapereka zakudya ku ubongo ndi msana. Chachiwiri, icho chimachotsa zonyansa kuchokera mukatikatikati zamanjenje. Ndipo chachitatu, icho chimamangirira ndi kuteteza dongosolo lakati la mitsempha.
CSF imapangidwa ndi plexus ya choroid. Plexus yokhayokha ndi gulu la maselo omwe ali mu ubongo ventricles ndipo ali ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi.
Zing'onozing'ono za CSF zimachokera ku zolepheretsa magazi. CSF ili ndi mavitamini angapo, ions (mwachitsanzo, salt), ndi mapuloteni monga awa:
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
- Potaziyamu (zochepa)
- Calcium (zochepa)
- Magnesium (zochepa)
- Ascorbic acid (vitamini)
- Pulogalamu ya vitamini
- Thiamine ndi pyridoxal monophosphates (mavitamini)
- Leptin (mapuloteni ochokera ku magazi)
- Transthyretin (mapuloteni opangidwa ndi vuto la choroid)
- Insulini-monga kukula chinthu kapena IGF (yopangidwa ndi plexus choroid)
- Chochotsa ubongo chifukwa cha ubongo kapena BDNF (yopangidwa ndi plexus ya choroid)
Magazi
Magazi ndi madzi omwe amayenda m'mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi (kuganiza mitsempha ndi mitsempha).
Amanyamula zakudya ndi mpweya mu thupi lonse. Zili ndi:
- Plasma: madzi otumbululuka achikasu omwe amapanga gawo la magazi
- Leukocytes: maselo oyera a magazi omwe ali ndi ntchito zowonongeka
- Erythrocytes: maselo ofiira a magazi
- Mipataipi: maselo opanda phokoso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potseka
Maselo oyera, maselo ofiira a m'magazi, ndi erythrocyte onse amachokera m'mafupa.
Plasma ndi yopangidwa ndi madzi. Madzi onse amagawanika kukhala zipinda zitatu zamadzimadzi: (1) plasma; 2) chimbudzi chamadzimadzi, kapena chimfine; ndi (3) madzi osakanikirana (maselo m'mkati mwa maselo).
Plasma imapangidwanso ndi (1) ions kapena salt (makamaka sodium, kloride, ndi bicarbonate); (2) zidulo zaku organic; ndi (3) mapuloteni. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti maonekedwe a ionic a plasma ali ofanana ndi amadzimadzi amtundu ngati amaliseche, omwe ali ndi plasma okhala ndi mapuloteni ochepa kwambiri kuposa a amphine.
Saliva ndi Zolemba Zina Zotsutsana
Saliva kwenikweni ndi mtundu wa ntchentche. Mucus ndi phokoso lomwe limaphatikizira mucous membrane ndipo limapangidwa ndi mankhwala osungunula, salt, ma lekocytes, ndi maselo osakanizika (maselo).
Saliva ndi zomveka, zamchere, ndi zovuta. Zilimbikitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zilembo zowonongeka, zilembo zazing'ono, ndi zilembo zazing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Puloteni wamakono α-amylase imathandizira kuti chimbudzi cha chakudya chikule. Kuwonjezera apo, msuzi amamwetsa komanso amachepetsa chakudya.
Kuphatikiza pa α-amylase, yomwe imaphwanya mavitamini ku maltose, saliva imakhalanso ndi globulin, serum albumin, mucin, leukoctyes, potassium thiocynatate, ndi zinyalala zakufa. Kuonjezera apo, malingana ndi kuwonetsetsa, poizoni amatha kupezeka mumatumbo.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamatope ndi zina za mucosal secretion zimasiyanasiyana ndi zofunikira za malo enieni omwe amadziwetsa kapena kusungunula. Ntchito zina zomwe madzi awa amathandizira kuchita ndi awa:
- Kudya zakudya
- Zosakaniza za zinyalala
- Kusinthanitsa kwa gasi
- Chitetezo ku mankhwala ndi makina opanikizika
- Chitetezo ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mabakiteriya)
Mphepete ndi zina zotchedwa mucosal secretions zimagawana mapuloteni omwewo. Mapuloteniwa amasakanikirana mosiyanasiyana mu zokopa za mucosal zosiyana ndi zofunikira zawo. Mapuloteni okha omwe amadziwika ndi phula ndi histatins ndi mapuloteni olemera kwambiri a proline (PRPs).
Histatins ali ndi antibacterial ndi antifungicidal katundu. Amathandizanso kupanga pepala, kapena khungu lofiira kapena filimu, yomwe imaika pakamwa. Komanso, histatins ndi mapuloteni odana ndi yotupa omwe amaletsa kutuluka kwa histamine ndi maselo akuluakulu.
Mapuloteni a PRPs m'matumbo ali olemera mu amino acid monga proline, glycine, ndi glutamic acid. Mapuloteniwa angathandize ndi calcium ndi zina zotchedwa homeostasis m'kamwa. (Calcium ndi chigawo chachikulu cha mano ndi fupa.) PRPs yothandizira imatha kuchepetsa zinthu zoopsa zomwe zimapezeka mu chakudya. Zindikirani, ma PRPs oyambirira samapezedwa m'matumbo komanso mumadzimadzi opweteketsa komanso amphongo ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito zambiri zotetezera.
Mapuloteni ambiri omwe amapezeka mu mitsempha yonse ya mucosal amathandiza kuti azigwira bwino ntchito zonse za mucosal monga mafuta. Mapuloteniwa amagwera m'magulu awiri:
Gawo loyamba lili ndi mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa ndi ma jini ofanana omwe amapezeka m'magulu onse amtunduwu: lisozyme (enzyme) ndi sIgA (anti anti-immune function).
Gawo lachiwiri liri ndi mapuloteni omwe sali ofanana koma m'malo mwake amagawana zofanana ndi ma genetic ndi zofanana, monga mucins, α-amylase (enzyme), kallikreins (ma enzyme), ndi ma cystatins. Mucins amapereka saliva ndi mitundu ina ya ntchikiti awo mamasukidwe akayendedwe, kapena makulidwe.
Mu pepala la 2011 lofalitsidwa mu Proteome Science , Ali ndi alembi ena adapeza mitundu 55 ya ma mucins omwe alipo pamsewu wa anthu. Chofunika kwambiri, ma mucins amapanga maofesi akuluakulu (high-molecular-weight) glycosylated ndi mapuloteni ena monga sIgA ndi albumin. Maofesiwa amathandiza kuteteza kusamadzika kwa madzi, kusunga mawonekedwe amtundu, kuteteza maselo omwe amakhalapo pamatumbo, ndi mabakiteriya omveka bwino.
Misozi
Misozi ndi mtundu wina wa ntchentche. Zimapangidwa ndi glands zopweteka. Misozi imatulutsa filimu yotetezera maso ndipo imawombera fumbi ndi zina zotukitsa. Amathandizanso maso ndi kuthandizira kuwala kwa khungu kudzera mu cornea ndi kupita ku lens panjira yopita ku retina.
Misozi imakhala ndi osakaniza kwambiri a salt, madzi, mapuloteni, lipids, ndi ma mucins. Pali mitundu 1526 ya mapuloteni osiyanasiyana. Chochititsa chidwi, poyerekeza ndi seramu ndi plasma, misonzi ndi yovuta kwambiri.
Puloteni imodzi yofunikira yomwe imapezeka misonzi ndi lysozyme, yomwe imateteza maso ku matenda a bakiteriya. Kuwonjezera apo, chinsinsi cha Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) ndicho chachikulu cha immunoglobulin chomwe chimapezeka misozi ndipo chimateteza kuteteza maso awo pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mtsinje
Mitsempha imapangidwa ndi impso. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi madzi. Kuwonjezera apo, ili ndi ammonia, cations (sodium, potaziyamu, ndi zina zotero) ndi anion (chloride, bicarbonate, ndi zina zotero). Mitsempha imakhalanso ndi zida zamphamvu, monga zamkuwa, mercury, nickel, ndi zinc.
Zima
Mbeu yaumunthu imayimitsa ubwamuna wa m'madzimadzi a m'madzi ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera ku Cowper (bulbourethral) ndi zilonda za Littre, prostate gland, ampulla ndi epididymis, ndi masinal vesicles. Zosungunuka za mitundu yosiyanazi sizimasakanizidwa bwino mu umuna wonse.
Gawo loyamba la ejaculate, lomwe limapanga pafupifupi asanu pa zana la voliyumu ya voliyumu, imachokera ku glands la Cowper ndi Littre. Gawo lachiŵiri la ejaculate limachokera ku prostate gland ndipo limakhala pakati pa 15 peresenti ndi 30 peresenti ya bukulo. Kenaka, ampulla ndi epididymis amapereka ndalama zochepa ku ejaculate. Potsirizira pake, maselo a maselo amathandiza mbali yonse ya ejaculate, ndipo zoterezi zimapanga kuchulukitsa kwa nyemba.
Prothate imathandiza mamolekyu, mapuloteni, ndi mazoni otsatirawa kuti azichita:
- Citric asidi
- Inositol (mowa wochuluka wa vitamini)
- Zinc
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Acid phosphatase (enzyme)
Mankhwala amtundu wa calcium, magnesium, ndi zinki amasiyana pakati pa amuna.
Zojambulazo zimapereka zotsatirazi:
- Ascorbic acid
- Fructose
- Prostaglandins (ngati mahomoni)
Ngakhale kuti fructose ambiri mu semen, yomwe ndi shuga imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta a umuna, imachokera ku masinki a seminal, pang'ono mwa fructose imadziwika ndi ampulla ya malingaliro otetezedwa. Epididymis imathandizira L-carnitine ndi ndale ya alpha-glucosidase kuti ikhale yamuna.
Mkazi ndi malo ovuta kwambiri. Komabe, nyemba imakhala ndi mphamvu yowonongeka, yomwe imawathandiza kukhalabe ndi pH pafupi ndi ndale ndi kulowa mkati mwa ntchentche, yomwe imakhala ndi pH. Sindikudziŵa bwino lomwe chifukwa chomwe umuna uli ndi mphamvu yothamanga kwambiri. Akatswiri amaganiza kuti HCO3 / CO2 (bicarbonate / carbon dioxide), mapuloteni, ndi otsika kwambiri maselo, monga citrate, phosphate, ndi pyruvate, zonse zimapangitsa kuti phokoso lithe.
Mankhwala osmolarity ndi okongola kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa shuga (fructose) ndi amchere a ionic (magnesium, potassium, sodium, ndi zina zotero).
Zomwe zimayambitsa nyemba zimasiyana kwambiri. Pogwedeza, mbuto poyamba imagwirizanitsa ndi gelatinous. Zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiriridwa ndi masinema a seminal. Gelatinous mankhwalawa amatembenuzidwa kukhala madzi pambuyo zowonongeka kuchokera ku prostate.
Kuwonjezera pa kupereka mphamvu kwa umuna, fructose imathandizanso kupanga mapuloteni osiyanasiyana mu umuna. Komanso, patapita nthawi, fructose imathera ndi njira yotchedwa fructolysis ndipo imapanga lactic acid. Mbeu yakale imakula kwambiri mu lactic acid.
Mtundu wa ejaculate umakhala wosiyana kwambiri ndipo umadalira ngati umaperekedwa pambuyo podetsa maliseche kapena panthawi yamakono. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu kumakhudza mphamvu yamayi. Ochita kafukufuku ena amayerekezera kuti mlingo wa masentimita ndi 3.4 mL.
Mkaka wa m'mawere
Mkaka wa m'mawere umakhala ndi zakudya zonse zomwe mwana wakhanda amafunikira. Ndi madzi ovuta kwambiri omwe ali ndi mafuta, mapuloteni, chakudya, mafuta acids, amino acid, minerals, mavitamini, ndi zovuta. Ilinso ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana za bioactive, monga mahomoni, zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kukula.
Kuyang'anira
Kumvetsa zomwe madzi amadzimadzi amapangidwa ndi kuyimirira kwa madzi amthupi amenewa akhoza kukhala ndi zochiritsira komanso zofufuza. Mwachitsanzo, m'munda wa mankhwala ochizira, pali chidwi pofufuza misonzi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo kuti apeze matenda otupa maso, glaucoma, retinopathies, khansa, multiple sclerosis, ndi zina zambiri.
> Zosowa
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> Shires III G. Kuthamanga kwa Matenda ndi Opaleshoni kwa Odwala Opaleshoni. Mu: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. eds. Mfundo za Schwartz za Opaleshoni, 10e . New York, NY: Hill ya McGraw; 2014.
> Spector, R, Snodgrass SR, ndi Johanson CE. Lingaliro Loyenera pa Cerebrospinal Fluid Mapangidwe ndi Maphunziro: Ganizirani pa Anthu Achikulire. Kufufuza kwa Neurology. 2015; 273: 57-68.