Palibe kuchuluka kwa kutsogolera kutsogolo kuli kotetezeka. Kuchepetsa poizoni kungayambitse mndandanda wautali wa matenda, kuphatikizapo anorexia, kuchepa kwa magazi , kunjenjemera, ndi zizindikiro za m'mimba. Kuwongolera kutsogolo kumakhala koipa makamaka kwa ubongo wopita patsogolo, ndipo kwa ana kungabweretse kuchepetsa kukula, kuchedwa kwachitukuko, ndi kuchepa kwa maganizo.
Kuphatikiza pa chiwerengero cha anthu, kuwonetseratu kwachilendo kosakhalitsa kumakhudza kwambiri chuma.
Zikuyesa kuti kutsogolera ndalama ku America kulipira madola 50 biliyoni pachaka. Kuwonetsetsa kutsogolera ndi kotetezedwa ndipo kuthandizira kuli kosavuta. Kwa dola iliyonse yomwe inachepetsa kuchepetsa kutsogolera kwa nyumba, zikuyembekezeranso kuti kubwerera kumudzi kuli pakati pa $ 17 ndi $ 220.
Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti zotsatira za kutsogolera m'moyo woyambirira zikhoza kuonjezera moyo wotsatira. Kafukufuku wochuluka wagwiritsa ntchito momwe umatsogoleredwera ndi nzeru zopanda nzeru; Komabe, tikuphunziranso zambiri za momwe kutsogolera kumagwirizanirana ndi zovuta ndi zolakwika. Mwachindunji, "kutsogolera maganizo" kumasonyeza kuti kutsogolera kumayambitsa upandu.
Chiyambi
Mu 1943, Byers ndi Ambuye anayamba kufotokozera za mgwirizano pakati pa kutsogolera kutsogolo ndi khalidwe laukali ndi zachiwawa. Pasanapite nthawiyi, ankaganiza kuti chithandizo choyenera cha kutsogolera kutsogolo sichinapangitse zotsatira zake zoipa.
Komabe, Byers anadandaula kuti kutsogolera kwake kungayambitse khalidwe laukali atazindikira kuti odwala awiri omwe adawachiritsira odwala-omwe adachiritsidwa-anazunza aphunzitsi awo kusukulu ndikuchita nawo zinthu zina zowawa.
Powonjezereka, Byers ndi Ambuye adapeza kuti ana makumi asanu ndi awiri (19) mwa ana makumi awiri (20) omwe anawomboledwa anawonetsa mavuto akuluakulu a chikhalidwe ndi kusukulu.
Ngakhale Byers ndi Ambuye anagwirizanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa khalidwe loyipa ndi khalidwe loyambirira kumayambiriro kwazaka za m'ma 1980 omwe asayansi anayamba kuyang'ana momwe kutsogolera kutsogolo kungathandizire khalidwe laukali, lachiwawa, kapena lachiwerewere.
Kafukufuku
Tiyeni tiwone kafukufuku wochepa amene amachirikiza chiyanjano pakati pa chigawenga ndi machitidwe otsogolera. Tsamba limodzi lodziwika bwino lomwe limayendetsa pafupifupi maphunziro onse omwe akuyesa ubalewu ndikuti maphunzirowa ndi ofunika kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, amayang'ana kale kuti adziwe maubwenzi m'malo mtsogolo (mwachitsanzo, mayesero olamuliridwa mosavuta). Kusiyanitsa uku kumapangitsa kumveka bwino chifukwa ndizosavomerezeka kuti awulule ophunzira ofuna kutsogolera. Komabe, chifukwa maphunzirowa ndi obwereza, ndi zovuta kukhazikitsa ubale weniweni wa causal.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kafufuzidwe kafukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe ikuyimira anthu, mizinda, maboma, imati, ndipo mayiko akuwonetsa momwe kutsogolera kumangirizidwira kumlanduwu. Zomwe zapezazi zafotokozedwa pamakani angapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zochepa. Zotsatira zake zikuwonjezereka, zimakhala zovuta kunyalanyaza zomwe zowatsogolera zingapangitse chiwawa.
Mufukufuku wa ku Australia wa 2016, Taylor ndi olemba anzawo anafufuza chiwerengero cha umphawi chifukwa cha chiwawa ndi chinyengo ngati ntchito ya mndandanda wa mpweya pakati pa zaka 15 ndi 24 zapitazo. Chifukwa cha nthawiyi chinali chakuti ochita kafukufuku anali kufunafuna anthu omwe adachita zachiwawa omwe adatsogoleredwa panthawi yopititsa patsogolo.
Ofufuzawa adapeza mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa maulendo oyambirira ndi mphulupulu zomwe zikuchitika. Zindikirani, Taylor ndi anzake akuyang'anira zinthu zomwe zingasokoneze mabungwe, monga chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamaliza maphunziro a sekondale ndi pakhomo. Chiwawa chimakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zambiri -kusiyana ndi sukulu, kusamalidwa bwino, kusowa zakudya zabwino, ndi kuwonetseredwa ndi poizoni zina zachilengedwe-ndipo ochita kafukufuku adapeza kuti njira zowonongeka ndi chimodzi chofunika kwambiri chokhudzana ndi kuphwanya malamulo.
Mofanana ndi United States, Australia ndi imodzi mwa otsogolera kutsogolera mdziko.
Kuchokera mu mbiri yakale, kutsogolera kwapezeka mu utoto, mafuta, ndi mpweya wochokera ku migodi ndi smelting ntchito. Pakati pa 1932 ndi 2002-chaka chotsogoleredwa potsirizira pake chinachotsedwa ku mafuta ku Australia-kutuluka kwa mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta opitirira matani 240,000 ndi kutulutsa mpweya wochokera ku migodi ndi smelting. Zindikirani, ku United States, kutsogolera komaliza kunachotsedwa ku mafuta mu 1996.
Malingana ndi Taylor ndi olemba anzawo:
Njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zithetse kapena kuthetseratu zowonongeka zowonongeka kwa mlengalenga kulikonse kumene zingatheke. Zithunzi zochokera kuzinthuzi zimatha kuonjezera makhalidwe otsutsana ndi anthu ndipo zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi ndalama zambiri. Zomwezi zikuphatikizapo ntchito za migodi ndi smelting zomwe zikupezeka ku Australia ndi kwina kulikonse, ndipo zimayendetsa mafuta [mafuta] m'mayiko omwe akugulitsabe: Algeria, Iraq, ndi Yemen. M'mayikowa, anthu okwana 103 miliyoni amakhalabe pangozi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta otsogolera. Palinso ndondomeko zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi anthu omwe akhala akukhudzidwa kale ndi kuikidwa kwa mlengalenga m'madera omwe anthu amakhala, monga nyumba, minda, malo ochitira masewera ndi sukulu. Izi zimakhala zoopsa nthawi zonse chifukwa hafu ya moyo wa zowonongeka zoposa zaka 700.
Chofunika kwambiri, ndemanga yapitayo imasonyeza kuti ngakhale kutsogolo ngati kutsogolera mpweya kudulidwa, kutsogolera kumapitirizabe kumamatira nyumba, masewera ochitira masewera, ndi masukulu, kumene angakhale kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Mu kafukufuku wa ku America wa 2016, Feigenbaum ndi Muller adafunsa funso la kafukufuku wamakono: Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi oyendetsera ntchito m'madzi akuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa anthu omwe anapha anthu. Funso lofufuzirali ndi labwino kwambiri chifukwa, mu 2015, mndandanda wapamwamba wamtunduwu unadziwika m'madzi a Flint, Michigan, ndipo motsogoleredwawo unachokera ku mpweya wa mapaipi mumphepete mwa madzi pamene mzinda unasintha madzi ake muyeso lopulumutsa ndalama 2014.
Kuti adziwe ngati maulendo amtunduwu akuphatikizidwa kuti aphedwe, ofufuza anafufuza chiwerengero cha kudzipha pakati pa 1921 ndi 1936 pakati pa okhala mumzinda. Mitengoyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu oyamba omwe anakulira pamadzi omwe amaperekedwa ndi mapaipi oyendetsa. Mipope yamatsogoleredwe inayikidwa mu chiwerengero chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi amtundu wotsogoleredwa kunamangidwa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupha anthu m'mudzi. Mwachindunji, kuwonjezereka kwa 24 peresenti kupha anthu m'midzi yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi oyendetsa.
"Ngati chitsogozo chingawonjezere chiwawa," alembe Feigenbaum ndi Muller, "ndiye yankho ndilo kuyesa kutsogolera kutsogolera. Ngakhalenso kuchotsa kutsogolo sikudzathetsa umbanda, udzachotsa poizoni woopsa kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Njira zina zochepetsera umbanda zingakhale zovuta. "
Mu kafukufuku wa 2017 wofufuza ana 120,000 obadwa pakati pa 1990 ndi 2004 ku Rhode Island, Aizer ndi Currie adawona kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa sukulu zapachiyambi komanso pambuyo poti sukulu ndi kusungidwa kwa ana. Malingana ndi ochita kafukufukuwo, "Kuwonjezeka kwa chipinda chimodzi pa kutsogolera kunawonjezera mwayi wotsutsidwa kusukulu ndi 6.4-9.3 peresenti ndipo mwayi wokhala m'ndende ndi 27-74 peresenti, ngakhale kuti izi zimangokhala kwa anyamata okha."
Ofufuzawa anawona ana omwe amakhala pafupi ndi misewu yambiri ndipo anabadwira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Nthaka pafupi ndi misewu yochuluka inali yoipitsidwa ndi mpweya wambiri wautali mpaka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta otsogolera kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndipo ana awa anali ndi maphunziro apamwamba a sukulu. Ofufuzawo anayerekezera ana ndi ana omwe ankakhala m'misewu ina ndi ana omwe ankakhala mumsewu womwewo koma patapita zaka pamene zowonongeka zowonongeka zinagwa.
Malinga ndi zomwe apeza, Aizer ndi Currie akusonyeza kuti kusintha kumene kunatsogoleredwa ku mafuta osasunthika kunathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa umbanda womwe unkachitika m'ma 1990 ndi 2000.
Potsirizira pake, mufukufuku wa 2004, Stretesky ndi Lynch adafufuza mgwirizanowu pakati pa zitsogolere zam'mlengalenga ndi upandu mu 2772 zigawo za US. Pambuyo pa kulamulira kwa zinthu zingapo zovuta, akatswiri ofufuza adapeza kuti kutsogolera kumeneku kunakhudza kwambiri katundu komanso chiwawa. Chofunika kwambiri, ochita kafukufukuwo adawona kuti zipatala zowonongeka kwambiri, kapena zosauka kwambiri, zinakhala ndi milandu yochuluka kwambiri ngati zotsatira za kutsogolera kutsogolo.
"Ngati lingaliro ili ndilolondola," lembani Stretesky ndi Lynch, "kuyesetsa kuwunikira kutsogolera, kupewera, ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala ayenera kukhala ndi phindu lalikulu kwambiri m'matawuni osowa kwambiri."
Komanso, malinga ndi ochita kafukufukuwo:
Kuwonetsetsa kutsogolera kuli ndi kalasi limodzi ndi mtundu wa correlates umene umagwira ntchito pa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Gulu laling'ono ndi midzi yaing'ono ndizovuta kuposa magulu ena a ndalama kapena magulu a mpikisano kuti akhale ndi zowonjezereka za kutsogolera. Ngakhale kuti fuko ndi gulu limagwirizanitsa njira zowonongeka sizili zokwanira kufotokozera kusiyana kwa chigawenga chomwe chimapezeka pakati pa magulu ndi magulu a magulu, zochitikazi zimakhala zofanana ndi zofufuza zapachiyambi ndipo zimatha kufotokozera pang'ono kusiyana kwake. Kufufuzanso kwina kwa nkhaniyi n'kofunika kuti tifotokoze mgwirizano umenewu.
Njira
Sitikudziwa bwino momwe kutsogolera kutsogolera kungathetseretu chiwawa. Komabe, ofufuza ali ndi malingaliro awo.
Choyamba, kutsogolera kungachititse kuti musamawonongeke komanso kuti mukhale ndi maganizo oipa. Anthu omwe amangochita zinthu mopupuluma amatha kupitiriza kuchita chigawenga.
Chachiwiri, kuwonjezeka kwa magawo otsogolera m'magazi mu ubwana kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo pamene munthu akukula. Zotsatirazi zimawonekera m'madera oyandikana ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi ubongo-mbali za ubongo zomwe zimayang'anira akuluakulu, ntchito, komanso kupanga chisankho. Zotsatira za ubongo wa ubongo ndi ubongo zimatha kugwirizanitsa ndikuthandizira pachitetezo chotsatira.
Chachitatu, "maganizo okhudza ubongo" omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liwonongeke amachititsa kuti thupi likhale ndi mahomoni ndi mahomoni m'njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala achiwawa komanso achiwawa.
Pamapeto omaliza, kufufuza kwina kuli kofunika musanayambe kufotokozera kutsogolera chifukwa chenicheni chauchigawenga. Ngakhale zili choncho, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu, olemba milandu, ndi olemba malamulo angagwiritse ntchito maphunzirowa kuti apitirize kumvetsetsa za ubale pakati pa umbanda ndi kutsogolera.
> Zotsatira:
> Feigenbaum, JJ, Muller, C. Kuwonetsa Mtsogoleri ndi Chiwawa Chakumayambiriro kwa Zaka makumi awiri.
> Zaka 100. Zofufuza mu Mbiri Yakale. 2016; 62: 51-86.
> Zida Zazikulu. Mu: Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Kruidering-Hall M. eds. Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: Kupenda & Kubwereza Bungwe, 11e New York, NY.
> Marcus, DK, Fulton, JJ, Clarke, EJ. Kutsogolera ndi Kuchita Mavuto: Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2010; 39: 234-241.
> Stretesky, PB, Lynch, MJ. Ubale Pakati pa Mtsogoleri ndi Chiwawa. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2004; 45: 214-229.
> Taylor, MP, ndi al. Chiyanjano Pakati pa Kutulutsa Mpweya Wopanda Mpweya ndi Uphungu Wachiwawa: Phunziro Lachilengedwe. Environmental Health. 2016; 15:23.