Nkhumba imafalikira ndi matenda a variola ndipo imadziwika kuti imafalitsidwa pakati pa anthu. Mavairasi a moyo amawasungira kuti apeze kafukufuku m'mabungwe awiri okha omwe ali padziko lapansi: Ma Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ku United States ndi VECTOR Institute ku Russia.
Matendawa adatayidwa mu 1980 potsatira ndondomeko ya katemera padziko lonse.
Milandu yotsiriza yomwe anadziwika mwachilengedwe inachokera ku kuphulika kwa Somalia mu 1977. Nkhumba yamatumba imatsalira kuti iwononge lero.
Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1980, katemera wa chideru watha padziko lonse, ndipo anthu ambiri omwe alibe kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa amachititsa khungu.
Variola Virus
Variola amachokera ku gulu la mavairasi omwe amadziwika kuti orthopoxvirus Amaphatikizanso monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, camelpox, ndi zina zotuluka.
Ngakhale tizilombo tokoma timagonjetsedwa kotheratu m'chilengedwe, ma orthopoxvirus ena amatha kuwatsogolera. Mavairasi omwe amapezeka mumtundu wosakhala waumunthu koma angathe kupha anthu amadziwika kuti zoonotic. Matenda onse a orthopoxviruses amatha kulandira anthu koma sawopsa ngati nthomba ndipo sangathe kufalitsidwa mosavuta kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu.
Bioterrorism
Chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu ponena za kachilombo ka variola ndicho kuthekera kwa ntchito yake monga chida chachilengedwe.
Ngakhale tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sizinachitike mwachilengedwe kwa zaka zambiri, akuluakulu a zaumoyo ayenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yoti achite ngati anthu ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV.
CDC ingaganizire za matenda omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chitetezo m'thupi.
Mamilioni a mlingo wa katemera wa nthomba amatetezedwa ku United States pakakhala chivomezi.
Oyamba oyankha, asilikali, ndi othandizira azachipatala adzapatsidwa katemera mofulumira kuti athetse chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa. CDC ili ndi mlingo wokwanira wa katemera wa nthomba kuti inoculate munthu aliyense ku United States.
Zotheka Kubwezeretsanso
Ngakhale kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingakhale m'tchire chilichonse chodziŵika, tikudikira kuti tipeze munthu, asayansi apeza zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za mitundu yambiri ya anthu.
Chodetsa nkhaŵa ndikuti mtundu wochepa kwambiri wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ungakhalepo wachisanu m'matope, omwe amapezeka pamtunda chaka chilichonse.
Kutumiza
Mankhwalawa amayamba kwambiri kuposa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nkhumba imafalitsidwa kudzera kuyanjana kwa nthawi yaitali. Vuto la variola limachokera kumtunda ndipo kawirikawiri imafalitsidwa kudzera m'mapepala opuma.
Kodi Ndani Akupatsirana?
Odwala amatenga kachilomboka posonyeza zizindikiro za matenda a nthomba ndikukhalabe opatsirana mpaka kuthamanga ndi zilonda zakwanitsa. Ma pustules adzadumpha ndi kugwa, kusiya njoka.
Akadakhala wouma kwambiri, omwe amatenga pafupifupi masabata anayi, ndiye kuti wodwala salinso ndi matenda opatsirana.
Kuthamanga Kwambiri ndi Kuyankhulana
Kawirikawiri, wodwalayo ali ndi kachilomboka ndi munthu amene akudwala matendawa amakhala m'nyumba imodzi. Lingaliro linali kuti kachilombo kawirikawiri kanali kupatsira kupyolera mu madontho akuluakulu ozungulira mpweya pamene wodwala ankang'amba kapena kunyoza. Komabe, pakakhala zochitika zosawerengeka zomwe zimachitika kuti munthu asatumizidwe ndi mauthenga othandizira, komanso ngati akuwoneka ngati pakati pa chipatala.
Popeza kutuluka kwa chilengedwe kwa nthomba sikunayambe kuyambira mu 1977, ofufuza sali otsimikiza kuti matendawa aperekedwa kudzera m'matope akuluakulu kapena ang'onoang'ono.
Njira zamakono zamakono zowonongeka kwa zipatala sizinalipo pamene kachilombo kankaperekedwa kuchipatala ku United States. Ngati kachilombo kamatengedwa kudzera m'malovu akulu, machitidwe atsopano sayenera kupanga kusiyana. Komabe, ngati kachilombo ka HIV kamatengedwa kudzera m'matope abwino kwambiri m'mapapo opuma, mawonekedwe a mpweya angayambitse vuto limene liyenera kugonjetsedwa.
Vuto la variola limakhalanso ndi madzi omwe amachokera ku zilonda zotseguka zomwe zimapezeka m'matenda a pox. Mankhwalawa akhoza kusokoneza bedi ndi zovala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithetse. Othandizira zaumoyo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyang'anira pamene akusamalira odwala ndi nthomba.
Katemera
Mawu oti "katemera" amapangidwa chifukwa cha katemera wa nthomba, omwe amachokera ku katemera wa kachilomboka ndipo ali okhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV. "Vacca" amatanthauza ng'ombe ku Latin.
Vuto la variola, limene limayambitsa nthomba, ndi kachilombo koopsa kamene kamatha kupuma nthawi yomwe imayendetsa anthu ndi kubereka popanda kubweretsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Panthawi imene kachilombo ka variola kamakhala kachilomboka ndikupanga wodwalayo kukhala wodwalayo, kachilomboka kakufalikira mthupi lonse. Chitetezo cha mthupi sichitha nthawi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito katemera, kumbali inayo, kumakhala malo amodzi mwa munthu ndipo samawerengera mofanana ndi mtundu wina uliwonse. Sizimayambitsa matenda ambiri, ngati aliwonse. Amayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, chimene thupi lingagwiritse ntchito polimbana ndi matendawa.
Kutenga katemera mkati mwa masiku atatu oyambirira a chiwopsezo cha nthomba kumapangitsa nthawi yowonongeka kuti chiteteze ndi vuto la variola. Ngakhalenso katemera akatha kutayika sizimamuletsa kuti asadwale, zingathe kuchepetsa kuopsa kwake kwa nthomba.
Zinthu Zowopsa
Pambuyo pa 1971 munthu aliyense amene anabadwira ku United States adalandira katemera, womwe umachokera ku chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ngati kachilombo ka variola kamatuluka. Anthu amene adatemera katemera asanafike 1971 akhoza kukhala ndi chitetezo chokhazikika kwa nthomba, koma ochita kafukufuku sakudziwa bwinobwino momwe angatetezere katemera.
Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kuyambira pamene nthomba inanenedwa kuthetsedwa mu 1980 kwakula kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kufotokozera momwe virala ya variola idzafalikira mofulumira masiku ano. Deta yabwino kwambiri, yomwe inasonkhana m'ma 1960 ndi m'ma 1970, idakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu omwe anali atatemera katemera ndipo analibe vuto lakumana ndi HIV monga anthu ambiri.
> Zotsatira:
> Milton, D. (2012). Kodi njira yoyamba yopatsira kachilombo ka nthomba ndi iti? Zotsatira za biodefense. Malire M'madera ndi Matenda a Microbiology , 2 . do: 10.3389 / fcimb.2012.00150
> Thanzi, C., Biagini, P., & Crubézy, E. (2014). Kubwezeretsa kwa nthomba. Clinic Microbiology And Infection , 20 (3), 210-218. lembani: 10.1111 / 1469-0691.12536
> McCollum, A., Li, Y., Wilkins, K., Karem, K., Davidson, W., & Paddock, C. et al. (2014). Poxvirus Viability ndi Signatures mu Historical Relics. Matenda Ochepetsa Matenda , 20 (2), 177-184. lembani: 10.3201 / eid2002.131098
> Tayarani-Najaran, Z., Tayarani-Najaran, N., Sahebkar, A., & Emami, S. (2016). Cholembedwa Chatsopano cha katemera wa nthomba. Journal Of Acupuncture And Meridian Studies , 9 (6), 287-289. lembani: 10.1016 / j.jams.2016.09.003
> Cann, J., Jahrling, P., Hensley, L., & Wahl-Jensen, V. (2013). Matenda Oyerekezera a Nthomba ndi Monkeypox mu Man and Macaques. Journal Of Kufanizitsa Matenda , 148 (1), 6-21. do: 10.1016 / j.jcpa.2012.06.007