Malinga ndi gweroli, mu 1928 kapena 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming adapeza kuti "juzi la nkhungu" likhoza kupha mabakiteriya pa zakudya za Petri. Fleming ndi ena ku yunivesite ya Oxford kenaka anatulukira penicillin kuchokera ku madzi a nkhungu. Komabe, chifukwa cha nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, a British sanalembe penicillin mokwanira, kotero United States inatenga zopanga ndikupanga penicillin.
Asanayambe kupezeka kwa maantibayotiki m'zaka za m'ma 1940, anthu amafa ndi chibayo, septicemia (matenda a magazi), gonorrhea ndi zina zambiri. Kuyamba kwa penicillin kunalengeza zaka za antibiotic.
Kodi Penicillin Ndi Chiyani?
Mankhwala a penicillin ndi a chilengedwe kapena a semisynthetic compound omwe amapangidwa ndi β-lactam (beta-lactam) mphete yogwirizana ndi mphete ya thiazolidine. Mankhwala a penicillin amakhalanso ndi maunyolo amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zingwe zam'mbalizi zimapanga ntchito ya antibacterial ya penicillin aliyense.
Pali magulu asanu a penicillin:
- Mankhwala a penicillin (Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- Penicillin osagonjetsa penicillin (ganizirani cloxacillin ndi nafcillin)
- Antipseudomonal penicillin (taganizirani ticarcillin)
- Penicillin wambiri (kuganiza piperacillin)
Njira yogwira ntchito
Kawirikawiri, penicillin ndi bactericidal (mosiyana ndi bacteriostatic ) ndikupha mabakiteriya mwachindunji popanda kusokoneza kubereka.
Motero, penicillin imatha kupha mabakiteriya omwe amayamba kudwala.
Makamaka, penicillin amamanga mapuloteni omwe amamanga penicillin (pebods) omwe ndi mapeptidases (mavitamini) m'makoma a mabakiteriya. Penicillin ikagwirizana kwambiri ndi PBP yeniyeni ya bakiteriya, imayenda bwino.
Mwa kumangiriza kwa PBPs, penicillin imaletsa msonkhano wa peptidoglycan ndikugwirizanitsa ndipo potero kumasokoneza makoma a mawonekedwe.
Izi zimapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya awonongeke (autolysis).
Kupha mabakiteriya ochulukirapo kumachitika panthawi ya kukula kwa mabakiteriya kubereka.
Mbali yaikulu, penicillin imangogwira kokha mabakiteriya abwino. Mabakiteriya a gram ali ndi lipopolysaccharide wosanjikiza kapena nembanemba yomwe imapangitsa kuti zovuta za penicillin zisawonongeke khoma la selo ndi kupeza ma PBPs.
Pofuna kugwira ntchito, mphete ya penicillin beta-lactam iyenera kukhala yolimba. Monga njira yaikulu yotsutsira, mabakiteriya ambiri asintha kuti apange beta-lactamases, imadzimadzi omwe amachititsa mphete ya penicillin beta-lactam ndikuyiyesa yopanda phindu.
Chithandizo
Penicillin amapezeka ngati mapiritsi, makapulisi, ndi njira zothandizira jekeseni. Mankhwala a penicillin amathandizidwa kwambiri ndi tsamba la m'mimba ndipo amafalitsidwa kwambiri m'thupi lonse. Kwa mbali zambiri, penicillin amachotsedwa mu mkodzo.
Ngakhale kuti mabakiteriya amatsutsa kwambiri kuchititsa kuti penicillin iwonongeke, nthawi zambiri, penicillin ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana monga:
- Matenda opuma opuma ngati chibayo
- Matenda a m'magulu a urinary
- Septicemia
- Matenda osokoneza mafupa
- Maningitis
- Matenda a m'mimba
- Matenda opatsirana pogonana monga gonorrhea ndi syphilis
Chodziwika, penicillin agwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu-mankhwala kuti athetse matenda a typhoid ndi matenda a Lyme.
Zotsatira Zoipa
Zowononga zovuta za penicillin zimaphatikizapo kutsegula m'mimba, kunyowa, kusanza, kupweteka mutu ndi yisiti ya m'mimba. Nthaŵi zina, penicillin amachititsa kuphulika kwapadera, ming'oma, ndi hypersensitivity kwambiri kapena kusintha kwapadera monga anaphylaxis ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha penicillin zovuta ndi kupeŵa penicillin. Ngati mukudwala penicillin, chonde muuzeni dokotala wanu asanayambe kumwa mankhwalawa.
Ngakhale zoona penicillin zovuta zomwe zimachititsa anaphylaxis ndizosazolowereka-zimapezeka m'mabuku 1 kapena 5 pa 10,000 pa penicillin mankhwala-chifukwa cephalosporin imakhala ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi penicillin, anthu omwe sagwirizana ndi penicillin nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cephalosporins komanso mosiyana ndi ena.
Mu 1940-patatha zaka zoposa 10 mutapezeka-gulu la penicillin lomwe linathandiza kupeza mankhwalawa linapeza kuti mabakiteriya omwe ali mu labu lawo anali atasintha kwambiri kuti asagonjetse penicillin ndipo anali atayamba kale kupanga penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Kumbukirani kuti mabakiteriya amatsutsa ndi akale komanso amatha nthawi yaitali kuti apeze maantibayotiki.
Lero, mankhwala opha tizilombo ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chisamaliro cha anthu onse ndipo ndi chinthu chomwe tonse tingathe kuteteza. Mwachitsanzo, ndizofunika kuti tonsefe tizindikire kuti maantibayotiki ndi abwino, koma samagonjetsa matenda onse-makamaka matenda opatsirana. Komanso, ngati mutapatsidwa mankhwala ochizira antibiotic, chonde malizitsani mankhwala onsewa.
Zotsatira:
Aoki FY. Chaputala 45. Mfundo za mankhwala opatsirana pogonana ndi Clinic Pharmacology ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mu: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LH. eds. Mfundo Zothandiza Zosamalidwa, 3e . New York, NY: Hill ya McGraw; 2005.
Buku la Mosby la mankhwala okhudza zaumoyo, Buku Lachiŵiri lofalitsidwa ndi Elsevier mu 2010.