Moyo umakhala wotani kwa ogontha komanso omva zovuta kumva (HOH) zasintha kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko ndi matekinoloje atsopano wapereka njira zothetsera mavuto ambiri, komabe mavuto ena akhalabe ofanana.
Banja la Soukup-mibadwo itatu ya amuna ogontha-ayang'ana kusintha kumeneku ndi njira zowonongeka. Mphepo yamkuntho itasokoneza munda wa Ben Soukup Sr. mu 1960, anapita ku mabanki kudera lonse kukapeza ngongole yomanganso.
Aliyense wa iwo anakana pempho lake chifukwa chosavuta: Iye anali wogontha.
Mwana wake sanaiwale zomwe adaona bambo ake atataya munda wake ndikudzipereka kuti athandize anthu ogontha kulankhulana ndi dziko lozungulira, cholowa cha mwana wake Chris, pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Ben Soukup Jr. adayambitsa ntchito yopanda chithandizo kwa anthu osamva (CSD), imodzi mwa zopanda phindu ku US omwe adzipatsa mphamvu anthu ogontha ndi a HOH, ndipo Chris adapitirizabe ntchito ngati CEO.
Patapita zaka Ben Soukup Sr. atataya famu yake, anthu osamva komanso osamva kwambiri adzalandira chitukuko chachikulu ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, mavuto ambiri akupitirirabe.
Kupita patsogolo
Amereka Achimereka Achimereka (ADA) anathandizira njira yolumikizira mosavuta pakati pa omvetsera ndi ogontha kapena a HOH.
Pofika mu 1990, lamuloli linali kusintha kwakukulu kwa ogontha a ku United States ndipo ankafuna kuyendetsa masewera a anthu olemala pofuna kuti zipatala ndi mabungwe apadera azikhala ngati sukulu ndi ma telecommunication kuti apatse malo ogontha kapena osamva. ali ndi vuto lokumva.
Zotsatirazo zinali zazikulu. Olemba ntchito sankaloledwa kusankha anthu osamva kapena HOH. Mapulogalamu othandizira analola ena kuti ayimbire foni kwa nthawi yoyamba, osadaliranso mabwenzi akumva ndi anansi awo kuti atchule kampani yawo ya chingwe kapena apange dokotala. Mavesi amapezeka pansi pa anchors pa nkhani ya usiku, ndipo sukulu ndi zipatala zinayamba kupereka kutanthauzira ntchito kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito Chinenero Chamanja cha ku America. Kulankhulana kwapakati pakati pa dziko lakumvetsera ndi losamva kunayamba kuchepetsedwa.
Kutulukira kwa intaneti ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zinapitiriza kusintha momwe anthu ogontha komanso HOH amalankhulira. Monga ma imelo, amithenga amtundu, mauthenga, ndi mafoni apamwamba akukhala otchuka komanso omasuka, kulankhula ndi kumva sikufunikanso kuchita ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku monga kulamula kutenga kapena kukangana ndi bili. Mapulogalamu a mavidiyo, monga Skype kapena Zoom, apanga mosavuta kuti ogwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha manja azilankhulana kapena kwa otanthauzira kutali kuti athandize pokambirana ndi anzawo akumva ndi anzawo. Ndipo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zathandiza anthu ogontha ndi a HOH kuti apeze ndi kugwirizana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake-kuthandiza anthu okhala kumidzi, makamaka, kupeza malo komanso kumanga chithandizo.
Ntchito zotanthauzira zidakali zofunikira pazinthu zambiri, koma anthu omwe ali ogontha komanso a HOH amatha kuyanjana ndi anthu ambiri kuposa kale lonse. Koma pamene masewerawo angakhale otsika, zovuta zotsalira zatsala.
Mavuto azachuma
Pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo monga ADA, anthu ogontha sagwiritsanso ntchito pa ntchito ya fakitale kapena ogwira ntchito mwakhama, koma kusowa ntchito ndi ntchito zina sizikuwakhudza kwambiri. Pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya anthu akuluakulu a ku US ogwira ntchito omwe ali ogontha kapena ogontha kapena a HOH anali kufunafuna ntchito koma adakalibe ntchito mu 2015, ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri yokhala ndi maudindo-ndipo pafupifupi 37 peresenti anagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse mu 2015, poyerekeza ndi 55 peresenti ya omvera awo.
Ziphuphu zomwezo zimapitirizabe ku maphunziro. Ngakhale maudindo omwe anapangidwa ndi ADA, masukulu ndi masukulu akuluakulu sizinakhazikitsidwe mothandizidwa ndi ophunzira ogontha ndi a HOH, ndipo pali ochepa chabe ogontha komanso a HOH omwe amaphunzitsa . Pafupifupi 31 peresenti ya zaka zogwira ntchito, akuluakulu okalamba ali ndi digiri ya bachelor kapena apamwamba, koma 18 peresenti ya ogontha kapena HOH amachita.
Zotsatira za ntchito ndi mavuto a maphunziro zimakhudza kwambiri. Anthu omwe ali m'dera la anthu ogontha komanso a HOH ali kale pachiopsezo chachikulu cha kuvutika maganizo ndi nkhawa, koma umboni wa akatswiri a maganizo ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo amasonyeza kuti ntchito yoperewera ingagwirizanenso ndi matenda ambiri, komanso matenda osokoneza bongo. Zonsezi zimakhala zovuta kupeza ntchito kapena kupeza ntchito yokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto loipa-makamaka pamene mabanja sangathe kupeza kapena kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala.
Inshuwalansi yaumoyo
Chifukwa chakuti chunk yaikulu ya anthu a ku America amapatsidwa chithandizo kudzera mwa abwana awo, osagwira ntchito kapena omwe amagwira ntchito nthawi yochepa ndipo anthu akuluakulu a HOH amadalira kawirikawiri mapulogalamu othandizira anthu monga Medicaid, omwe amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma. Mmodzi mwa anthu khumi ndi awiri ogontha osamva kapena a HOH a zaka zapakati pa 21 ndi 64 analibe inshuwalansi mu 2015, koma izi ndizowerengeka. Chiwerengero cha anthu akuluakulu ogontha ogulitsa inshuwalansi ndi a HOH chinachokera ku ocheperapo 1 peresenti ku Hawaii mpaka kufika 23 peresenti ku Alaska.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ogontha onse osagwira ntchito komanso anthu ena a HOH adzakumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu azachuma, koma mavuto a zachuma ndi azimayi omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi kusalephera kupeza ntchito yokwanira sayenera kuthetsedwa. Mabanja omwe ali ogontha kapena a HOH omwe amagwira ntchito pazaka zapakati, amatha pafupifupi madola 9,000 pachaka, ndipo pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya akuluakulu a ku US ogwira ntchito ogontha omwe ndi ogontha kapena a HOH amakhala osauka, poyerekeza ndi 13 peresenti ya omvera awo.
Umphawi
Umphaŵi uli ndi njira yawo yokhudzizira thanzi. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti Achimereka omwe sapeza ndalama zambiri sakhala ocheperapo bwino kuposa aphunzitsi awo apamwamba, olemera, makamaka kwa anthu ochepa. Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro akugwirizana ndi zotsatira zosiyana za thanzi-kuchokera kulemera kochepa kufika ku shuga.
Chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwazinthu zambiri, kulimbana nawo sikungakhale kosavuta kukonza malamulo. Ngakhale anthu ambiri ogontha komanso a HOH amalandira thandizo la ndalama kuchokera kumayendedwe monga Social Security Disability ndi Supplemental Security Revenue Programs, zambiri zingatheke kuti athe kulimbikitsidwa kupeza ntchito ndi maphunziro.
"Pomwe ife tikutsutsidwabe nthawi zambiri mumaganizo a anthu ogontha ndi zomwe angathe," adanena poyankha ndi -kuti ndizofunika osati ntchito yokwanira, komanso kupeza mwayi wofanana wopita kuntchito ndi maphunziro. Chifukwa cha gawo la CSD, ikuyambitsa ndalama zothandizira amalonda ogontha osamva, kuthandiza makampani kuzindikira ndi kukonza ogwira ntchito ogontha ndi ogwira ntchito, komanso kuthandiza makampani monga Uber kupanga zipangizo zophunzitsira m'chinenero chamanja cha America. Koma pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto akuluakulu azachuma, United States iyeneranso kuthana ndi mavuto omwe anthu osamva ndi HOH amakumana nawo.
Mavuto Achikhalidwe
Kumva mavuto kumakhudza mibadwo yonse, mafuko, ndi mafuko, kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chonse cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Anthu ena anabadwa osamva, ena anamva kumva chifukwa cha matenda, matenda, nthawi, kapena zoopsa. Ena amamva pang'ono ndi chithandizo cha cochlear implant kapena kuthandiza kumva. Ena sangamve kalikonse. Ndipotu, luso ndi zosowa za omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva ndizosiyana ndi dera lomwelo.
Chilankhulo cha Mankhwala cha ku America (ASL)
Sitikudziwa kuti ndi angati anthu a ku United States omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ASL, koma chiwerengero chimakhala cha 100,000 mpaka milioni imodzi. Omasulira-iwo samatchedwa "omasulira" -magwiritsa ntchito ASL amalankhulana ndi anthu omwe akumva, ndipo ADA imafuna kuti mabungwe a boma ndi masukulu apereke omasulira ASL kwa iwo omwe amawafuna iwo. Mwinamwake mwawawonapo iwo pamisonkhano yamakono pa masoka achilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, kapena ngakhale pa masewera.
ASL sikutanthauzira kokha kumasulira kwa Chingerezi. Ndilo chinenero chosiyana ndi malamulo ake ovuta, matchulidwe, ndi malamulo a malamulo. Monga ngati Chingerezi, mauthenga ndi mauthenga angasinthe malinga ndi amene akumasulira. Koma nthawi zambiri ogwiritsa ntchito ASL safuna kusankha wotanthauzira operekedwa kapena ali ndi mwayi wopempha omasulira omwe amasankha pa ena-ndipo zomwe zingakhudze wogontha kapena HOH kukwanitsa kulankhula kapena kumvetsa mfundo zofunika.
Ngakhale pamene kutanthauzira kwa chinenero chamanja kumaperekedwa, nthawizina sikokwanira. Nthawi zina-monga ofesi ya dokotala, mwachitsanzo-womasulira wogontha wogontha angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi ndi womasulira ASL kuti atsimikizidwe moyenera. Mofananamo, ngakhale anthu ogontha ambiri amalembedwa bwino m'Chingelezi cholembedwa, kulemba zinthu sizingakhale njira yabwino yolankhulirana ndi iwo-makamaka ngati chinenero chamanja ndicho chinenero chawo chachikulu-ndipo mamembala omwe amalankhula ASL sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwawo kwa omasulira ovomerezeka.
Kusungulumana kwa Anthu
Makolo amamva ana asanu ndi atatu aliwonse osamva, koma osachepera atatu pa atatu ali ndi mamembala omwe amalembetsa nthawi zonse. Ena amadalira ogontha awo kapena HOH omwe amawakonda kuti awerenge milomo, koma izi ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa chidziwitso cholakwika cha zomwe zanenedwa. Zimapangitsanso munthu wogontha kapena HOH kuti "amve" mwa njira yomwe siingakhale yosavuta kwa iwo ngati kuyang'ana chizindikiro china. Mungathe kulingalira za kukhumudwa ndi kukhumudwa kwa anthu osakhala nawo pafupi, osapatula ena kusukulu kapena ntchito. Kwa anthu ogontha ambiri omwe amakhala kumidzi, mwina ndi anthu okhawo osamva m'dera lawo kapena kusukulu, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti azigwirizana.
"Ndimakumbukira ndikudzimva ndekha, ngakhale pamene ndikukhala pafupi ndi anthu ambiri, chifukwa cha zotsutsana," adatero Soukup. "Ndinkadziwa kuti anthu ambiri sali achinyengo komanso kuti zolepheretsa kulankhulana zilipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa anthu ogontha komanso osadziwa . "
Kuphatikiza pa kudzipatula, kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti ana ogontha, makamaka, ali pachiopsezo chozunzidwa, kunyalanyazidwa, ndi chiwerewere kusiyana ndi anzawo omwe amamva-zotsatira zomwe zingakhudze moyo ndi thanzi labwino.
Mavuto a zaumoyo
Zoonadi, palifukufuku wambiri pa zosowa za anthu ogontha komanso a HOH. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa zaumoyo amachitidwa pa foni kuti asatuluke ndi anthu ogontha, ndipo maphunziro ochuluka kwambiri a zaumoyo a boma alibe njira zowatchulira deta makamaka za omwe ali ndi kumva kapena kumva.
Anthu ambiri ogontha komanso a HOH sakudziwa zinthu zomwe zingakhale zachidziwikire pakumvetsera anthu, monga mbiri yawo yachipatala kapena mawu ofotokoza zachipatala, chifukwa alibe ubwino wokhoza kumva achibale akukambirana nkhani zaumoyo kapena zina zokambirana zapadera. Kuyanjana ndi akatswiri azachipatala kungakhale kosakhutiritsa onse awiri, monga ogwiritsa ntchito ASL akukumana ndi zotchinga kwa omasulira oyenerera, ndipo mabungwe azachipatala amakumana ndi zovuta kulandira kubwezeretsedwa chifukwa chopereka zoterezi. Zochitikazo zingakhale zokhumudwitsa kwa onse okhudzidwa.
Malingaliro Opititsa patsogolo
Mu 2011, ofufuza adafalitsa njira zothetsera kusiyana kwa zovuta zaumoyo zomwe anthu osamva ndi a HOH anakumana nazo. Iwo amati tikuyenera:
- Kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wolandira uthenga wathanzi kwa mabanja osamva. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuwonjezera mafotokozedwe ku mauthenga onse a zaumoyo ndi audio, monga mavidiyo odziwitsidwa, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti mapulani okonzekera mwadzidzidzi apangidwa ndi zomwe anthu ogontha komanso a HOH amakhulupirira.
- Phatikizani anthu ogontha komanso anthu a HOH mu kafukufuku. Kulembera ntchito zofufuza zaumoyo waumphaka ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi anthu ogontha komanso a HOH, kuphatikizapo kupereka ndi kusonkhanitsa uthenga pogwiritsa ntchito ASL.
- Sungani ndi kufufuza deta yatsopano ndi yomwe ilipo ndi anthu ogontha komanso a HOH m'maganizo. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuwonjezereka kowonjezereka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ogontha ogontha pa kafukufuku, monga momwe zaka zakumvera zakhala zikuchitikira.
- Limbikitsani ogwiritsa ntchito ASL kutenga nawo mbali pa zokambirana zaumoyo. Kafukufuku wogwira nawo ntchito kuchokera kumudzi ayenera kutenga anthu ogontha kapena a HOH kuti athe kumvetsa zonse zokhudza thanzi-osati zokhudzana ndi kumva-komanso kutanthauzira ntchito ziyenera kuperekedwa pamisonkhano ndi zochitika za umoyo.
- Limbikitsani ogontha ndi anthu a HOH kuti agwire ntchito zaumoyo komanso zaumoyo. Poyamba ntchito zaumoyo, ogontha komanso HOH akhoza kuthandiza kupanga maphunziro a maphunziro ndi zochitika zaumoyo kuti azifikire kwa anzawo ogontha komanso a HOH.
- Limbikitsani ndalama zambiri zothandizira mauthenga. Ntchito zotanthauzira ndizofunikira kwa anthu ogontha komanso a HOH omwe akukambirana ndi anthu ammudzi, koma akhoza kukhala okwera mtengo. Kulankhulana ndi otsogolera okhudza kufunika kwa ndalama za ntchitozi kungathandize kuti pakhale mwayi wowonjezereka kwa madokotala ndi mapulogalamu okhudzana ndi thanzi.
Mawu Ochokera
Zambiri zasintha zaka makumi asanu kuchokera pamene Ben Soukup Sr. anakanidwa ngongole, koma zidzatengapo mbali kuntchito, dziko, ndi dziko kuti apite patsogolo. Izi zikunenedwa, anthu akumva angathe kuthandizira ntchitoyi pochita zambiri ndikufuna kukhala ndi maubwenzi ndi anthu ogontha komanso a HOH m'midzi mwawo, ndikuthandizira kuthetsa chisokonezo pakati pa anthu akumva ndi ogontha kapena dziko la HOH.
> Zotsatira:
> Barnett S, McKee M, Smith SR, Pearson TA. Anthu Olankhula Chinenero Chamanja Osagwira Ntchito, Osowa Thanzi, ndi Thanzi Labwino: Mwayi wa Chilungamo Chachikhalidwe. Kuteteza Matenda Achilendo . 2011; 8 (2): A45.
> Yunivesite ya Cornell. Masamba Olemala. 2015.
> HealthyPeople.gov. Data2020.
> National Network. Kodi Achimereka Achilemale Act (ADA) ndi chiyani?