Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo Amakhala Opanda Chitetezo Ndiponso Angakupulumutseni mpaka 80%
Nkhaniyi yokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo imachokera ku mauthenga ochokera ku US Food and Drug Administration.
Kaya muli ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena ayi, ngati mumagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati mukuyenera kukhala ndi thanzi lanu mukhoza kusunga ndalama - nthawi zambiri kuposa 50% kuposa mankhwala. Koma, kodi mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhala otetezeka? Malingana ndi US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), mankhwala ochiritsira ali otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima monga dzina lofanana.
Kodi mankhwalawa ndi chiyani?
Dzina la mankhwalawa lingangotulutsidwa ndi kugulitsidwa ndi kampani yomwe imakhala ndi chivomerezo cha mankhwala. Mankhwala a dzina la mankhwala angakhalepo ndi mankhwala kapena mankhwala owonjezera. Mwachitsanzo:
- Valsartan, mankhwala omwe amachiza kuthamanga kwa magazi, amagulitsidwa ndi mankhwala okhaokha a Novartis Pharmaceuticals omwe amadziwika ndi dzina lakuti Diovan.
- Loratadine, mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa, amagulitsidwa pa pepala ndi Schering-Plow HealthCare Products pansi pa dzina lakuti Claritin.
Kodi mankhwalawa ndi otani?
Pamene chilolezo cha mankhwala a dzina lachiwonongeko chimathera, mankhwala ochiritsira amatha kupangidwa ndi kugulitsidwa. Mankhwala a mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ofanana nawo monga dzina la mankhwala ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi khalidwe lomweli ndi miyezo ya chitetezo. Kuonjezera apo, a FDA amafuna kuti mankhwala ochiritsira akhale ofanana ndi mankhwala odziwika ndi dzina:
- mlingo
- chitetezo
- mphamvu
- momwe zimagwirira ntchito
- momwe amachitira
- njira yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito
- matenda omwe amachitira
Mankhwala onse ochiritsira amayenera kuwonedwanso ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asanakhazikitsidwe kapena kugulitsidwa pa-counter.
Kodi mankhwala anga achibadwa ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito ngati mankhwala?
Malingana ndi a FDA, mankhwala onse, kuphatikizapo mankhwala a dzina la mankhwala ndi mankhwala achibadwa, ayenera kugwira ntchito bwino ndi kukhala otetezeka.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsira ntchito zofanana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofanana ndi anzawo a dzina lawo ndipo motero, ali ndi zofanana ndi zofanana.
Anthu ambiri amadera nkhawa za mtundu wa mankhwala ochizira. Kuti atsimikizire khalidwe, chitetezo, ndi mphamvu, FDA imapanga mankhwala onse ochiritsira kupyolera mu ndondomeko yowonongeka bwino kuphatikizapo kubwereza zokhudzana ndi sayansi zokhudzana ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Kuwonjezera apo, a FDA amafuna kuti zomera zowonjezera zowononga mankhwala zimakwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba yofanana ndi chomera cha mankhwala. Kuonetsetsa kuti malamulowa akutsatiridwa, a FDA amapanga pafupifupi 3,500 kukafufuza malo pa chaka.
Pafupifupi theka la mankhwala onse ochizira amapangidwa ndi makampani a dzina lake. Angapange mankhwala awo enieni kapena mankhwala ena a kampani ndipo kenako amawagulitsa popanda dzina.
Ngati mankhwala anga achibadwa ali ndi chogwirizanitsa chomwecho monga dzina la chizindikiro, n'chifukwa chiyani zikuwoneka mosiyana?
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo samaloledwa kuyang'ana chimodzimodzi ngati mankhwala ena omwe amagulitsidwa chifukwa cha malamulo a US. Ngakhale mankhwala oyenera ayenera kukhala ndi chogwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi monga mankhwala, mankhwala, kukoma, zopangira zina zosakanikirana, ndi mawonekedwe a mankhwala angakhale osiyana.
Kodi mankhwala aliwonse a mankhwalawa ali ndi mankhwala ochiritsira?
Mankhwala a dzina lachigwiritsi kawirikawiri amapatsidwa chitetezo cha patent kwa zaka pafupifupi 17. Izi zimapereka chitetezo kwa kampani yopanga mankhwala yomwe inalipira kafukufuku, chitukuko, ndi malonda ogulitsa mankhwalawa. Pulogalamuyi siimalola kampani ina kupanga ndi kugulitsa mankhwalawa. Komabe, pamene chilolezochi chikutha, makampani ena ogwira ntchito, omwe atha kuvomerezedwa ndi FDA, akhoza kuyamba kupanga ndi kugulitsa mtundu wa mankhwalawa.
Chifukwa cha ntchito ya chibadwidwe, mankhwala omwe akhala pamsika kwa zaka zosafika zaka 17 alibe malingaliro ofanana omwe amagulitsidwa.
Komabe, dokotala wanu angapereke mankhwala omwewo kuti athetse matenda anu omwe ali nawo ofanana ndi a generic. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito Lipitor (Atorvastatin), yomwe ikadali chitetezo cha patent, chifukwa cha cholesterol chokwanira, dokotala wanu akhoza kukuthandizani ku simvastatin, Zocor.
Kodi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi otsika mtengo kuposa mankhwala otchedwa mankhwala?
Malinga ndi a Dawa Research and Manufacturers of America, zimatengera zaka zoposa zisanu ndi ziwiri kubweretsa mankhwala atsopano kugulitsa ndikugula ndalama zoposa $ 800 miliyoni. Popeza makampani oyambitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo sayenera kukhala ndi mankhwala kuchokera pachiyambi, zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuti abweretse mankhwalawo kumsika.
Kamodzi mankhwala ovomerezeka atavomerezedwa, makampani angapo akhoza kupanga ndi kugulitsa mankhwala. Mpikisano umenewu umathandiza kuchepetsa mitengo. Kuonjezera apo, mankhwala ambiri amachimake amakhazikitsidwa bwino, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza omwe safunikira kutengera mtengo wa malonda. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amawononga 30% mpaka 50% poyerekeza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Nchifukwa chiyani anthu ena ogwira ntchito zachipatala sakufuna kulangiza kapena kupereka mankhwala ochiritsira?
Ngakhale kuti mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwalawa ndi ofanana ndi omwe ali ndi dzina la dzina, kusiyana kwakukulu kungakhudze momwe mankhwala ochizira amathandizira thupi lanu. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha momwe mankhwala opangira amapangira kapena mtundu wake ndi kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zopanda mphamvu zomwe zilipo mu mankhwala. Kwa anthu ena, kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kungayambitse mankhwalawa kukhala opanda mphamvu kapena amachititsa zotsatira.
Chitsanzo cha mkangano wokhudza mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti mankhwalawa asamangidwe ndi mankhwala a levothyroxine omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la chithokomiro (hypothyroidism). Popeza anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi chithokomiro chochepa amadziwa kuti kusintha kwa mankhwala awo, kuchepetsa pakati pa dzina ndi ma generic levothyroxine kungayambitse zizindikiro za mankhwala a chithokomiro pang'ono kapena zotsatira za mankhwala ambiri.
Musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu ndipo onetsetsani kuti mukusangalala ndi kusintha.
Zowonjezera kuchokera ku FDA
- Orange Book of Generic Equivalents - Buku lothandizira pa intaneti kuti mudziwe za mankhwala omwe alipo omwe amavomerezedwa ndi FDA
- Mndandanda wa Zovomerezeka Zogwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala kwa Mwezi Wambiri - Mndandanda wa mankhwala omwe amavomerezedwa posachedwa, ma generics nthawi yoyamba, ndi kuvomereza