Mbiri Yopaleshoni
Opaleshoni yoyambirira m'mbiriyi inali yopanda phindu ndipo mwina idachitidwa chifukwa cha kusimidwa kapena kusadziwa. Kuchita opaleshoni monga momwe tikudziwira sikunayambe kwenikweni mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ndipo ngakhale apo, matendawa anali ofala komanso zotsatira zinali zosauka. Malingana ndi zolemba zina, kunalibe mpaka zaka za m'ma 1900 kuti chiopsezo cha kufa pambuyo pa opaleshoni chinali chochepera 50%, pokhapokha kutembenuka kwa zakazo kunali mwayi woti opaleshoni yowonjezereka ikhale yaikulu kusiyana ndi kusintha kwa nthawi kapena pambuyo pa opaleshoni.
Njira zopangira opaleshoni zomwe ndizofala masiku ano, monga zowonongeka, sizinachitike nthawi zonse. Kwenikweni, mpaka 1885, munthu yemwe ali ndi appendicitis amayembekezeka kufa chifukwa cha matenda omwe anachitika pokhapokha zowonjezereka zitatha. Njira zoyambirira zinali zonyansa, kapena zotsutsana ndi miyezo ya masiku ano, monga anesthesia siinali yogwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800.
Masiku ano, opaleshoni imatenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepa zowonongeka. Izi zafupikitsa nthawi zobwezeretsa, zotsatira zowonjezereka ndi mavuto ochepa kwa odwala ambiri.
Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa opaleshoni yomwe yasintha, yang'anirani mndandanda wa zochitika zazikuru m'munda.
Zochitika Zazikulu Zokhudza Mbiri Yopaleshoni
6,500 BCE - Zifuwa zomwe zimapezeka ku France zimasonyeza kuti pali opaleshoni yochuluka yotchedwa trepanation, yomwe imaphatikizapo kubowola dzenje.
1540 CE - Anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zipika za ku England ndi opaleshoni akugwirizanitsa kupanga United Barber-Surgeons Company.
Ochita opaleshoni a operekera opaleshoni anachita opaleshoni ya dzino ndi kuletsa magazi. Madokotala ankaonedwa kuti ndi ntchito yosiyana, kuchiza matenda ndi mankhwala.
1818 - Kuyamba kuikidwa magazi.
1843 - Kumayambiriro kwa hysterectomy, ku England.
1843 - Ntchito yoyamba ya ether monga kupweteka kwa magazi.
1846 - Njira yoyamba yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anesthesia pa opaleshoni.
Ether ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Wodwala anali ndi chidziwitso koma sanamve kupweteka panthawiyi pofuna kuchotsa chotupa m'khosi mwake.
1867 - Dokotala wa opaleshoni wa ku Britain Joseph Lister akufalitsa Antiseptic Principle pa Opaleshoni, kutamanda ubwino wa ukhondo pa opaleshoni. Chiwerengero cha anthu odwala opaleshoni nthawi yomweyo chimagwa.
1885 - Choyamba apendectomy yopambana, ku Iowa.
1890s - Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opanga mankhwala kuti achepetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwala a Carbolic adayikidwa kuti athe kuchepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuchepa kwa matenda.
1893 - Opaleshoni yoyamba ya mtima yopambana, Hospital Hospital, Chicago. Kuchita opaleshoni kunakonza pulojekitiyo, thumba lozungulira mtima. Ambiri samaona kuti uwu ndiwopambana "opaleshoni yamtima" yoyamba chifukwa mtima womwe sunagwiritsidwe ntchito.
1895 - Choyamba X X ray , ku Germany.
1896 - Opaleshoni yoyamba ya mtima yopambana, ku Germany. Madokotala ochita opaleshoni anakonza chilonda chobaya pamphuno ya ventricle yoyenera.
1905 - Choyamba chokonzekera cornea choyamba.
1917 - Choyamba opaleshoni ya pulasitiki yomwe inalembedwa, pamsasa wotentha wa Chingerezi.
1922 - Insulini yoyamba yogwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a shuga, omwe amachititsa kuti ashuga apulumuke atatha kupeza.
1928 - Mankhwala opha tizilombo anapeza.
1930 - Munthu wa ku Germany ali ndi ntchito yoyamba kugonana (kwa mkazi).
1937 - Ndalama yoyamba yamagazi imatsegula, kumathandizira kupanga opaleshoni yowonjezereka mwa kuchiza magazi panthawiyi.
1940 - Chithandizo choyamba chachitsulo chachitsulo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zaka za m'ma 1950 - Njira yoyamba ya diso la LASIK, ku Columbia.
1950 - Choyamba bwino limbalo kuika . Wothandizira impso anakana chiwalo pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi itatu.
1952 - Opaleshoni yoyamba yamtima yopambana yomwe mtima unayimitsidwa ndikuyambiranso.
1953 - Opaleshoni yoyamba yopambana pogwiritsira ntchito makina oyenda pamtima .
1954 - Kuyamba kupatsirana kwa impso, kupotola kwa impso koyamba kunaperekedwa ndi mphongo mbale. Wowalandirayo anakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake.
1966 - Kukonzekera koyamba kwapasitiki.
1967 - Kukonzekera koyamba kwa chiwindi.
1967 - Kuchita opaleshoni yoyamba yopanga mtima, ndi South African Christian Barnard. Wopereka mtimayo anapulumuka masiku 18 mpaka akudwala chibayo.
1975 - Opaleshoni yoyamba yamagetsi inagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito laparoscopic , kapena njira yochepa yowonongeka.
1978 - Choyamba "test-tube" anabadwa.
1982 - Mtima wa Jarvik-7 wopangira ntchito.
1984 - Mwana wa Fae amakhala ndi moyo masiku 21 atapatsidwa ndi mtima wa nyama yamphongo.
1985 - Buku loyamba lolembedwa opaleshoni ya robotiki.
1999 - Kupititsa patsogolo koyamba dzanja (odwala kale adakana ma grafts).
2000 - da Vinci opaleshoni yopanga opaleshoni yapamwamba imapambana chilolezo cha US Food and Drug Administration. Njirayi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo opaleshoni ya prostate ndi mitsempha yowonjezereka .
2007 - Chinthu choyambirira choyambirira cha opaleshoni chochitidwa opaleshoni. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsa ntchito kutsegula thupi, monga pakamwa, kuyika zida ndi kuchepetsa nthawi zowonjezera.
2008 - Connie Culp ali ndi malo oyamba odzaza nkhope kwathunthu ku United States, yomwe inachitika ku The Cleveland Clinic.
2010 - Choyamba chodzaza dziko lonse lapansi, ku Spain.
2013 - Ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa mitsempha imapereka wodwalayo wodwalayo kuti athe kusuntha dzanja lake.
Mawu Ochokera:
Opaleshoni ikupitirizabe kusintha, ndipo sayansi ikupita patsogolo kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku. Monga sayansi ndi kufufuza zimabweretsa njira zatsopano zopangira opaleshoni, odwala ali ndi zotsatira zabwino, kupuma mofulumira komanso kupweteka pang'ono.
> Zotsatira:
> Opaleshoni ya Mtima. Baldwin, Elefteriades, ndi Kopf. http://www.med.yale.edu/library/heartbk/25.pdf
> Mbiri ya Kuika-Timeline. Organtransplants.org Inapezeka mu December, 2011. http://www.organtransplants.org/understanding/history/index.html
> Zopangira Opaleshoni: Mbiri ya Opaleshoni. Akatswiri Opanga Opaleshoni. Idapezeka mu December, 2011. http://www.surgicaltechnologist.net/resources/surgical-resources-the-history-of-surgery/